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Introduction: Wilms' tumor is the most common malignant and primary renal tumor in children. Studies, which have been done in some countries, have introduced numerous factors such as age of incidence, stage, lymphadenopathy, histopathology and etc. Effective in the survival rate of this tumor according to the importance of this tumor in children, we decided to perform a study about the survival rate of Wilms' tumor and the effective factors on it.
Materials and methods: This is an analytic study on 128 patients affected with Wilms' tumor whom referred to the oncology ward of Hazrat-e-Ali Asghar Hospital between 1977 and 2001. In addition to the current status of the patients, demographic characteristics, signs and symptoms, laboratory studies at the time of diagnosis and the stage of the disease were recorded and ultimately survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier procedure and life table. Cox Regression was used to determine the effective factors.
Results: The mean survival rate was 82.99 months. The number of patients was equal in both genders (64 patients in each gender) and the survival average did not have any significant statistical relationship with gender (power=%92.4). Most of the tumors were in stage 3 at the time of diagnosis. The survival of the patients was reducing significantly with the progression of the stage of tumor (P=0.002). The existence of metastasis (P=0.000, odds ratio=0.207), splenomegaly (P=0.018, odds ratio=0.336), and recurrent (P=0.037, odds ratio=0.184), were significantly reducing the survival of the patient. To determine the severity of effective factors on the survival rate of the patients Cox Regression Method was used in which, absence of metastasis and positive blood group were from well-prognosis predictive factors in these patients.
Conclusion: 5-year survival rate of the patients was 63.28% in this study. Which was lower in comparison with the results of other studies in other countries. This can be the result of delay in consulting with medical centers, the diagnosis method and or the Referral State of this center. Recent studies have shown that age and tumor size has minimal values in the prognosis of the patients due to improvement in the quality of treatment and our study support this idea. Genetic factors will probably be used in determining the survival of these patients and also in thcir treatment.

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Introduction: Compensatory renal growth (CRG) is growth of the remaining functional nephrons and interstitium alter some nephrous have been surgically removed or damaged due to disease. This growth includes the increase of kidney weight caused by hepertrophy and hyperplasia. Although uremic patients are often treated with growth hormone (GH), it is thought that GH may actually increase the degree of renal hypertrophy and the progress of CRG to the scarring and therefore accelerate renal failure. The aim was ultrastructural study of the effects of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) on the renal tubulointerstitial changes following 5/6 nephrectomy (SNX).
Materials and Methods: For this 48 rats from mule Lewis and Dwarf Lewis rats strains were used. Each strain was divided to control, control+rhGH, SNX and SNX+rhGH groups. Dwarf rats strain have only 10% of circulating GH compared to the normal strain one month later the rats were injected with exogenous growth hormone (thGH) or saline two times per day for 30 consecutive days.
Results: The results showed tubular basement membranes was partially thickened in control thGH group and it was too thickened and multi-layered in the SNX groups. Tubular basement membrane was too thickened in the SNX-TGH group in compared to SNX only. Many of Convoluted tubules lost their apical architecture and mitochondria often appeared damaged and cytoplasm contained increased numbers of lysosomes. After SNX areas of focal fibrosis were common. These areas were become infiltrated with modified fibroblasts and myofibroblasts were present. The interstitium become filled with extracellular fibres and amorphous material.
Conclusion: It is evident that many of these changes were made more sever by treatment with thGH in both strains following SNX. So it seems GH caused more synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins and ultrastructural changes of the renal tubulointerstitial.

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Introduction: Studies showed that following spontaneous epilepsy in rats, the permeability of CA1 region of Hypocampus to calcium is increased. In this study the role of voltage dependent calcium channels on the development of kindling induced by Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) was investigated in rats.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study rats were divided into two groups. In the test group, Verapamil (calcium channel blocker) was injected in the Hippocampus (4 g/4 min). After 20 minutes kindling was established by PTZ in subconvulsive dose (37.5 mg/kg ip). Convulsing activities were monitored for 20 min. The control group was the same age and undergone the same procedure exept for the injection, in which ACSF was injected without Verapamil.
Results: Verapamil significantly (p<0.01) reduced the number of needed stimulations to progress from stage 0 to 5 of the convulsion and also significantly (p<0.05) prolonged the fifth stage of seizure.
Conclusion: The results of this study suggested that interahippcampal injection of Verapamil facilitated the Pentylenetetrazol kindling in rats but had inhibitory effects on kindled animals.

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Introduction: Sodium arsenite is an environmental pollutant which its amounts in industrial cities are more than other places because of its use in chemical industry. Human populations are exposed to this chemical compound through food, soil, air and water which has toxic and histopathological effects on different body organs including kidney. The aim of this investigation is to study the quantitative histopathological effects of sodium arsenite on the kidney structure of rats. Materials and Methods: 12 male Wistar rats with mean body weight of 200±20 g were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=6). One treated with sodium arsenite (8 mg/kg/day in drinking water) and the other one (the control group) received drinking water only. 2 months after treatment the rats were weighed, anesthetized with ether and dissected. The left kidney was taken out, cleaned, weighed and then fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution. After obtaining 1mm thick slices, tissue processing was carried out, then 5µm thick sections were prepared and stained using H&E method. Slides were finally studied stereologically and data was statistically analyzed using paired sampled t-test and the means were considered significantly different at p<0.05. Results: The results of this investigation indicated significant reduction in the total mean volume of kidney (p<0.001), cortex (p<0.001), and medulla (p<0.003) in sodium arsenite treated group compared to the control rats. The mean volume of tubules and interstitial tissue as components of cortex reduced significantly compared to the control group (p<0.003).The mean volume of glomeruli and Bowman's capsule was significantly reduced in treated group (p<0.001), while the other components did not show a significant reduction in volume. A significant reduction was also found in the kidney (p<0.002) and the body weight (p<0. 01) in the treated group compared to the control ones at the end of the experiment. Conclusion: It was concluded that exposure to sodium arsenite leads to histopathological changes in kidney structure, however more studies are needed to determine the effects of these structural changes on the kidney function.

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Introduction: Relationship between Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and primary headaches is not well recognized yet and the studies that have been done had different results. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between primary headaches and multiple sclerosis. Materials and Methods: In this historical cohort study, 117 patients with actual MS were selected by convenience sampling as case group and 351 healthy subjects as control group. The incidence of primary headaches was assessed by a physician using a questannaire. Variables under investigation were age, sex, type of MS, Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS), and characteristics of headache based on International Headache Society (IHS) classification. Data analysis was done using Chi-square, t-test, Fisher exact test, and logistic regression. Results: 53.8% of MS group and 27.4% of control group had chronic headaches (p=0.0001). Frequency of Migraine and tension type headaches among patients with headache in MS group were 73.1% and 26.98%, and in control group were 40.6% and 58.7% respectively. There was a statistically significant relation between Relapsing-Remitting MS and migraine headache (p<0.001).There was not any correlations between headache and using Interferone, MS duration, and EDSS. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that primay headaches, especialy migraine without aura, are common in MS patients comparing to general population.

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Background: One of the best examples of epimorphic regeneration in the mammals is the formation of new tissues formed from blastema in holes punched in the ears of rabbits. The aim of this research is to investigate speed and percentage of regeneration in different geometrical shaped holes and different regions of rabbit's ear. Methods and Materials: In this experimental research different region of rabbit's ear (proximal, medial and distal) were punched as different geometrical shaped holes (circlc, quadrangle and triangle) with the same area (50 mm2) Ubyg a puncher which designed for this purpose. The regeneration of wounds was evaluated and the percentage of regeneration was calculated. After punching, each 3 days (36-40 days). Results: Results showed speed and percentage of regeneration in circular holes was significantly (P<0.05) more than quadrangular and triangular holes. In addition, regeneration speed of holes located in proximal regions of ear, was more than peripheral holes. Conclusion: Wound regeneration in rabbit's ear is related to the geometrical shape of holes. Speed and the percentage of regeneration in circular shapes is more than angular shapes.

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  Background: Stroke is one of the important causes of death. However the prognostic factors are not clearly defined. There are many evidences which show the role of inflammatory factors during the progression of stroke but the relation of CRP and stroke is still vague. This study was designed to determine the relation between CPR Level and WBS with severity of stroke (according to CNSS score) and volume of infarct in stroke patients.

  Methods and Materials : This is a cross sectional study performed during the winter and spring of 2007 on 49 patients with stroke hospitalized in Vali-e-Asr hospital of Arak.Clinical examination was done by using CNSS scoring. The CRP and WBC were measured in the first 72 hour of onset of the disease. The CT scanning together with infarct volume estimation was performed at the same time.

  Results : There was no correlation between the volume of infarct with CRP serum level (r=-0.14, p=0.39 ) and WBC (r=-0.17, p=0.92 . Also there was no correlation between CNSS score with CRP level (r=-0.04, p=0.81) and WBC (r=-0.124, p=0.40) too, but there was a significant correlation between CNSS score and stroke volum in brain CT scan (r=-0.43, p=0.006 ).

  Conclusion: According to data in this study there was no correlation between serum acute phase reactant, the volume and severity of infarction.

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Abstract Background: Spinal cord slices culturing from adult mammals could be considered as a suitable in-vitro model for evaluating cellular viability, spinal cord injury and cell death mechanisms. In present study, determining of cell death in motor neurons of cultured spinal cord slices in adult mouse was done. Materials and Methods: In a experimental- laboratory study, thoracic regions of spinal cords from 4 Balb/c mice were cut into 400-µm slices using tissue chopper and incubated in a Co2 incubator at 37˚C for different periods of time. Freshly prepared slices (0h) and cultured slices were fixed and sectioned using cryostat. To study morphological and biochemical features of cell death, fluorescent staining, TUNEL method and agarose gel electrophoresis were used. Results: In freshly prepared slices of motor neurons showed no apoptotic changes. While, 6, 12 and 24h after culturing, this neurons displayed morphological features of apoptosis including cell shrinkage as well as nuclear and chromatin condensation. Also, 6 and 12h after culturing were TUNEL positive. In addition, extracted DNA from cultured slices for 24h were indicated the nucleosomal DNA fragmentation on agarose gel electrophoresis. Conclusion: Results were showed the occurrence of apoptosis in motor neurons of cultured adult mouse spinal cord slices.

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Background: Molybdenum is an essential trace element for both animals and plants. Molybdenum (Mo), which functions as a cofactor for a limited number of enzymes including xanthine dehyrogenase, aldehyde oxidase, and sulfite oxidase in mammals, is believed to be an essential trace element in animal nutrition. The aim of this study is to evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of sodium molybdate against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage. Materials and Methods: In an experimental study, adult male rats received daily oral administrations of different doses of sodium molybdate (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 g/kg bw) along with intrapertioneal CCl4 (50% CCl4 in olive oil, 1 ml/kg bw) twice a week for 28 consecutive days. Results: Histopathological examinations in CCl4-treated rats showed extensive liver injuries characterized by extensive hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis, fat degeneration, and inflammatory cell infiltration while histopathological changes induced by CCl4 were significantly attenuated by sodium molybdate treatment. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that sodium molybdate could protect liver against the CCl4-induced oxidative damage in rats, and this hepatoprotective effect might be contributed to the protection of liver by preventing the toxic chemical reactions which generate oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and molecular changes which ultimately lead to liver tissue necrosis.

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Background: The effects of acute and chronic exercises on insulin resistance index may be related to one or more factors, including morphological changes and hormonal modifications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a single session of resistance training on adiponectin levels and insulin resistance until 24 hours post-exercise. Materials and Methods: This experimental study, which followed a pretest-posttest design, was conducted on a group of 10 healthy male volunteers (23±1.4 years) with no history of participation in any regular exercise programs, weight changes more than 2 kg, special diseases, and smoking over the past 6 months that had normal body mass index (BMI) (23.7±1.6 kg.m-2). The subjects performed a single session resistance training (3 sets of 10 repetitions at 75% of 1 repetition maximum). Adiponectin, glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance index levels were measured before and 24 hours after the exercise. Results: There were no significant differences for adiponectin (μ g.ml-1) pre- (6.98±1.9) and post-exercise (8.07±1.4) and glucose (mg.dl-1) pre- (81.3±7.6) and post-exercise (80.7±6.4). However, insulin resistance index pre- (1.34±0.27) and post-exercise (1.06±0.11) and insulin concentration (UΙμ.ml-1) pre-(6.64±0.88) and post-exercise (5.37±0.43) decreased significantly 24 hours post-exercise (P<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be suggested that a single session of resistance training with no significant changes in adiponectin level can have positive effects on glycemic indices in sedentary men.

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Background: Low immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccine is an important problem in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). A possible solution is intradermal versus conventional intramuscular delivery of vaccine in this population. The goal of this study was to compare the efficacy of these routes of vaccination in Bu-alicina Dialysis Center, Qazvin, Iran. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial was done on 29 CRF non-responders randomly allocated to two groups. Fifteen patients received 40 μg of euvax B vaccine intradermally and 14 patients received 160 μg of this vaccine intramuscularly. Anti-HBs antibody titre was measured after 1, 6, and 12 months. Seroprotection was defined as anti-HBs antibody titre above 10 lU/L. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16. Results: Difference of seroprotection rate between two groups was not statistically significant after1and 6 months however, after 12 months, seroprotection rate was 93.3% in the interadermal group versus 50% in the intramuscular group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Considering the high cost of vaccination, intradermal vaccination may be a reasonable choice in CRF patients.

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Background: Sodium arsenite has adverse effects on the reproductive system and vitamin E is a strong antioxidant and reproductive factor in the reproductive system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin E on the structure and the number of ovarian follicles during its development in rats treated with sodium arsenite. Materials and Methods: Pregnant Wister rats (n=4) were divided into 4 equal groups, including control, vitamin E (100mg/kg/day), sodium arsenite (8mg/kg/day), and sodium arsenite+vitamin E. Oral treatment of the pregnant rats started from the 7th day of pregnancy till the end of the weaning and continued till the age of 120 days. After the treatment period, the right ovary was removed and fixed, and then the mean number of ovarian follicles and atretic follicles, mean thickness of zona pellucida, and volume of oocytes and its nuclei in different types of follicle were determined. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA and the mean difference was considered significant at P<0.05. Results: In the vitamin E+sodium arsenite group, significant increase(P<0.05) in the total number of follicles, mean number of primordial, primary, secondary, antral, and graafian follicles, significant reduction (P<0.05) in atretic follicles, and significant increase(P<0.05) in the thickness of zona pllucida in secondary and antral follicles as well as oocyte volume in parimordial and primary follicles and its nuclei in primary, secondary, antral, and graffian follicles were observed in comparison with the other groups. Vitamin E in the sodium arsenite+vitamin E group increased the number of different types of follicles and the thickness of the zona pllucida (P<0.05), decreased the number of atretic follicles, and increased the volume of oocyte and its nuclei to the level of the control group. Conclusion: Vitamin E can be administered as a supplement to compensate for the adverse effects of sodium arsenite.

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Background: Considering the fact that more than one third of the world’s population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, identifying individuals with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is vital for controlling TB. Tuberculin skin test (TST) and IFN-gamma release assays are practical methods used for screening people with LTBI. Due to the insufficiency of data on endemic tuberculosis region and the need for evaluation of these methods in a high-risk population, this study was performed in Zahedan.

Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was carried out on 75 individuals, including 21 health care workers (HCWs) as well as 54 family members of patients with active TB. IFN-&gamma release assay and TST were also carried out on the participants.

Results: Of the 75 participants, 26 had positive IFN-&gamma release assay results and 49 persons showed negative results. TST was also performed and 12 participants did not show up for taking the results. Among the remaining 63 participants, 60.31% had more than 10 mm indurations. The results in 32.25% of the participants were positive for both IFN-gamma release assay and skin test, whereas 34.92% of the participants presented negative tests results for both IFN-gamma release assay and skin test. The agreement between these two tests was 66.67 % (P=0.001, K=0.36, 95% Confidence Interval).

Conclusion: The results showed a weak agreement between the two tests.

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Background: Genital tract infections are one of the main causes of frequent referrals to gynecological clinics. Vulvovaginal candidiasis is the second common infectious vaginitis. On the other hand, probiotics are microorganisms that can have beneficial effects on the host. Noticing the limited number of studies reporting new treatments for this disease, the present study was designed to compare the effects of the combination of fluconazole and oral protexin and fluconazole on the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis.

Materials and Methods: A double-blind clinical trial was conducted on 90 women who were referred to the 12-e-Bahman Clinic in 2011. The patients were randomly classified into "combination of fluconazole and oral protexin" or "fluconazole and placebo" groups. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (t-test, Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, and McNemar’s test).

Results: The combinations, fluconazole-oral protexin and fluconazole-placebo, were equally effective in reduction of complaints and symptoms however, the effect of fluconazole-oral protexin on dysuria was more (p=0.02). Also, the fluconazole-oral protexin combination elicited a better therapeutic response (p=0.01). In addition, fluconazole-oral protexin combination treatment demonstrated a better recovery time (p=0.04).

Conclusion: This study demonstrated that complementary treatment with probiotic lactobacillus increased the efficacy of fluconazole in treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Further research, however, is suggested.

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Background: Today, ultrasonography has become the main tool used for the evaluation of fetal anomalies. The aim of this study was to evaluate fetal heart rate changes immediately after combined two- and 4-dimensional ultrasound.

Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 191 pregnant women aged 15 to 45 years old who were referred for 4-dimensional ultrasonography in summer 2013. Before the onset of 2-dimensional ultrasonography, baseline fetal heart rate was measured by ultrasound. At the same time, the maternal heart rate was recorded during one minute. Then, combined ultrasonography was performed and same parameters were recorded at the end.

Results: Maternal heart rate significantly decreased after combined ultrasonography (p=0.0001). Fetal heart rate did not differ before and after ultrasonography (p=0.693).

Conclusion: Four-dimensional ultrasonography has no effect on fetal heart as an indicator for evaluating the fetus temperature.

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Background: It can be used different models such as nonparametric, semi-parametric and parametric to estimation of survival. Depending on the nature of the data, some methods may be more appropriate. Using of appropriate model result more accuracy estimation of survival and it's affected. so the aim of this study estimation of survival and determination of its related risk factor. Materials and Methods: In this study, 169 patients with colorectal cancer who had treated in Hamadan MRI Center from March 2005 to Jun 2013 were evaluated. Survival time of patients is considered from diagnosis time to death or end of study. The effect of Demographic and clinical risk factors on survival is assessed by parametric model. follow up of patient Data were analyzed using Spss16 and R statistical software.

Results: The median survival was 4.3±40 months. Univariate analysis showed that the effect of staging of tumor, tumor grade, histology type of tumor, metastasis and relapse on survival were significant but in multivariate model histology type of tumor and metastasis were significant.

Conclusion: using of appropriate statistical model for detection of affected risk factor on patient with colorectal cancer can be prevented progression of disease and increased of survival of them.

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Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is chronic cyclical pelvic pain associated with menstruation in absence of an identifiable pathological condition. The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhea among athletes and non-athlete girls and its relation with body composition.

Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study 223 healthy students aging 20-30 years old from Guilan university randomly divided to two groups (72 athletes and 151 non-athletes). The athletes group engaged in regular physical activity for at least one year, three sessions a week and the non-athletes group were not engaged in any sports activity.  Data were collected by questionnaire and anthropometric measurements.

Results: The prevalence of dysmenorrhea was lower in athletes than non-athletes group (61.1% vs. 88.8%, p<0.001). A significant difference was observed in mood symptoms, physical symptoms and severity of pain between two groups (p<0.05). Also there was statistically significant relationship between body fat and physical symptoms of dysmenorrhea in both groups. However, no statistically significant relationship was observed between physical symptoms of dysmenorrhea, BMI and WHR.

Conclusion: It seems that performing regular exercise can be used as a preventing, treating or supplementary method in control of the early dysmenorrhea.

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Background: The overuse of therapeutic antibiotics results in the drug resistance. The excessive use of antibiotics causes the mutations in the microorganisms and the emergence of new microorganisms which are resistant against the common antibiotics. With regard to limitations and known side effects of antibiotics, the exploring of antimicrobial compounds seems necessary. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Chevil against Staphylococcus epidermidis PTCC 1435, Yersinia enterocolitica PTCC 1221 and Enterobacter aeruginosa PTCC 1151 and to compare them with the common therapeutic antibiotics.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, after collecting plants from the highlands of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province, the extraction was carried out by the maceration method. To evaluate the antimicrobial activity, Disc diffusion test with Kirby-Bauer method was used. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined by using the dilution method.

Results: The highest inhibition zone diameter in 40 mg/ml was related to Staphylococcus epidermidis and the minimum diameter in this concentration was related to Gram-negative bacteria, Enterobacter aeruginosa. MIC of aqueous and ethanolic extracts for Enterobacter aeruginosa 64 and 32 mg/ml and MBC of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Enterobacter aeruginosa were 128 and 64 mg/ml respectively.

Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of the Chevil compared with the common therapeutic antibiotics had more inhibitory effect on studied bacteria. Furthermore, Chevil extracts showed greater inhibitory effect on Gram-positive bacteria in comparison with Gram-negative bacteria.

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Background: Arsenic as an environmental contaminant induces male infertility. Curcumin with potent antioxidant property is able to restrict oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of curcumin on testis tissue and sperm count in adult mice treated with sodium arsenite.

Materials and Methods: In an experimental study, animals were divided into four groups: control, sodium arsenite (5 mg/kg), curcumin (100 mg/kg) and curcumin+sodium arsenite. Treatments were performed by intraperitoneal injection for five weeks. After treatment period, body weight was recorded. Left testis was dissected, weighed and used for the histopathological study of seminiferous tubules. Left cauda epididymis was also used to count sperm number.

Results: Mice treated with sodium arsenite showed a significant decrease in the sperm count, the diameter of seminiferous tubules and a significant increase in the lumen diameter of tubules compared to control group. In curcumin+sodium arsenite group, curcumin significantly reversed the adverse effects of sodium arsenite on testis and sperm count. Whereas, the treated mice showed no significant difference in body and testis weight as well as morphology and nuclear diameter of spermatogonia between four groups.

Conclusion: Curcumin is able to compensate the toxic effect of sodium arsenite on sperm count and testis in adult mouse.