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Introduction: Considering the high incidence of hip fractures in the elderly, anesthetisis and orthopedic surgeons are frequently encountered with these fractures. Timely fixation of hip fractures decreass morbidity and mortality. Surgical bleeding and the resulting hemodynamic compromise, decrease in vital organ perasion and complications of blood transfusion are important problems in this age group. The ability to decrease Surgical rise; in these patients.
Material and Methods: In a semi-experimental and prospective study 40 victims of hip fracture (50-90 y/o) were selected. The goal was to clarify the relation between anesthesia technique and surgical bleeding 22 patients received spinal (group A) and 18 patients received general (group B) anesthesia.
Results: According to recorded data surgical bleeding was greater in group B (general anesthesia) Than group A, and these data was statistically significant.
Conclusion: In this study %60 of group A and %61.2 of group B were males and %40 of group A and %38.8 of group B were females. During the operation, blood loss was measured and recorded for each patient.

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Introduction: Different strains of Echinococcus Granulosus have been found in endemic areas of Iran. This variation has a significant aspect in the field of medical parasitology and veterinary and also in epidemiology, pathology, control and prevention of Hydatid cyst infection. Morphology, epidemiology and biochemical studies can be carried out to determine Hydatid cyst strains in human and animal origins as host. This study was done to measure different biochemical compositions of liver Hydatid cyst fluids in human, sheep, goat, cattle and camel in 2004.
Materials and Methods: In a cross sectional-analytical study, 112 samples of Hydatid fluids were collected from the liver cysts of different hosts: 16 sheeps, 64 cattles, 12 goats and 10 camels in slaughter houses of Sari and Ghaemshahr and 10 human in Imam hospital. All cyst fluids were centrifuged at 4500 rpm at 4˚C for 45 minutes and the supernatants were analyzed for various biochemical parameters.
Results: Quantitative differences were observed in the levels of Sodium, Glucose, Urea, Alanin Aminotransferase (AST) in liver cystic fluids obtained from different hosts, although these differences were not statistically insignificant. However, differences in the levels of Potassium, Calcium, Triglycerides, Cholesterol, Uric acid, Creatinin, Albumin, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase, Aspartat Aminotransferase (AST) and Creatinine Phosphokinase (CPK) in different Hydatid cyst fluids were statistically significant (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Differences in biochemical composition of different Hydatid cyst fluids suggest the possible existence of more than one strain of Echinococcus Granulosus in human and other intermediate domestic animal hosts in Mazandaran.

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Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of L-carnitine supplementation on glucose and lactate concentrations, and aerobic capacity during sub-maximal exercise on ergometery cycle. Materials and Methods: In this double- blind clinical trail, 34 healthy noathlete male students at Saveh University were divided into experimental (L-carnitine usage) and placebo (lactose usage) groups and had one trial of cycling on ergometer (PWC170). This trial was done in two stages: 1) Exercise protocol without L-carnitine or placebo supplementation, 2) Exercise protocol with 3g L-carnitine (90 minute before exercise) and placebo supplementation in the experimental and placebo groups, respectively. Immediately after the physical exercise, blood sampling was taken for determining plasma glucose and lactate concentrations, and lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH). Through polar telemetry rest and sub-maximal heart rate, and also, VO2max were measured. Results: L-carnitine supplementation had no influence on plasma glucose and lactate concentrations. Otherwise, rest and sub-maximal heart rate, VO2max and LDH activity were equal in pretest and posttests. All variables remained with no change in control group. Conclusion: Regarding the effect of L-carnitine usage on performance of endurance exercises, the findings are still vague and controversial. Our findings indicated that ingestion of 3g L-carnitine 90 minutes before exercise did not affect the dependent variables. Further investigation is required to determine the direct effect of such supplementations on substrate utilization, fat-carbohydrate metabolism and performance on exercise.

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Background: Epidemiological studies have shown the relationship between incidence of asthma symptoms and environmental factors, such as sedentary lifestyle and metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. However, the role of exercise rehabilitation protocols on lung function in obese adult patients with chronic asthma is a controversial issue. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the impact of aerobic exercise on lung function in obese middle-aged men with chronic asthma. Materials and Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted on 39 obese middle-aged males with mild and moderate asthma. The experimental group (n=19) with regard to the safe range 15≥ RPE>9 followed the sub-maximal rehabilitation exercise program (50 to 80% HRmax intensity) for 3 months. Then, they underwent one month of detraining. The control group (n=20) did not have any form of aerobic exercise. Spirometric parameters in base, three months of training, and one month of detraining were measured by standard methods. Results: Indicators of lung function, including FVC, FEV1/FVC, PEF, FEF%75, and MVV significantly decreased. The pattern of changes in FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and MVV remained stable even after a month of detraining (p<0.05). However, no significant changes occurred in the dependent variables of the control group (p>0.05). Conclusion: It seems that the incidence of physiological adaptations of aerobic exercise, as a non-pharmacologic clinical factor, after the one-month detraining period affected the spirometric parameters in obese asthmatic patients

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Background: Subclinical hypothyroidism is the compensatory stage before overt hypothyroidism. In overt hypothyroidism, risk of ischemic heart disease increases due to elevation of lipoprotein (a) as atherogenic agent, but evidence for subclinical hypothyroidism is one of the controversial issues in researches. According to the atherogenic lipoprotein (a) and other serum lipids, this study is conducted to compare the serum lipoprotein (a) and other serum lipids in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and euthyroidism.

Materials and Methods: In this descriptive - analytic study, 90 persons (60 with subclinical hypothyroidism and 30 euthyroid state) are participated and these referred to Imam Reza and Taleghani Hospitals which are located in Kermanshah. The sampling method is selected with available sampling methods. After differentiating data by age, sex and underlying disease (liver, kidney, drugs), then they were subjected to determination lipoprotein (a) and other serum lipids profile tests.

Results: In both cases and controls, 16/7% were men and 83/3% were women. Based on results, there is no significant difference between serum lipoprotein (a), triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL and LDL in both statistical groups (p>0.05). Also there is no association between lipoprotein (a) and other serum lipids (p>0.05).

Conclusion: Serum levels of lipoprotein (a) and other serum lipids in young patients with normal weight with subclinical hypothyroidism is not increase, thus it can be concluded early treatment is not necessary for them.

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Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation of Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) plus carbohydrate (CHO) and whey protein plus CHO on muscle damage indices after eccentric resistant exercise.

Materials and Methods: Twenty four untrained healthy males participated in this study. They were randomly divided into three groups, BCAA +glucose (0.1+0.1g/kg) supplement group (n=8), Whey+glucose (0.1+0.1g/kg) supplement group (n=8), and placebo (malto dextrin 0.2g/kg) group (n=8). Each subject consumed a carbohydrate beverage with addition of whey protein or branched-chain amino acid or placebo 30 minutes before exercise in a randomized,double-blind fashion. Serum levels of Creatine Kinase (CK), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and muscle pain were measured before, 24, 48, 72 h after exercise. Follow-up analyses included 1-way repeated measures ANOVAs, and Bonferroni post hoc comparisons.

Results: 24 h after test, serum levels of CK, LDH and muscle pain in both supplement groups were increased less than placebo group (0.015, 0.001 and 0.001, respectively). Also, the levels of CK and LDH showed significant changes in both intervention groups compared to placebo group at 24 h (0.001, 0. 015, respectively). Similarly, significant differences in the levels of CK and LDH between groups were observed.

Conclusion: These data indicate that muscle damage and pain after resistant exercise were reduced by an ingestion of either BCAA drink or whey protein drink.

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Background and Aim: Older adults, particularly those living in nursing homes, are a vulnerable group whose poor nutritional status and inadequate nutrient intake provide the basis for the incidence of diseases and increase their health costs. The aim of the present study was to compare the Index for Nutritional Quality (INQ) between institutionalized (nursing-home) and non-institutionalized (community-living) older adults and to investigate its association with serum high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level in each group. 
Methods & Materials: In this case-control, age- and gender-matched study in Tabriz (East Azarbaijan, Iran), o subjects aged 65 years and older were recruited from nursing homes (n=76) and community (n=88). Anthropometric parameters were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. A three-day record of the foods provided for the nursing home residents were weighed, using a digital scale. The whole food intake of older adults was converted to grams and dietary data were analyzed using Nutritionist IV software. Blood sample was drawn to measure serum hs-CRP level. SPSS software was used for data analysis.
Ethical Considerations: The present research was approved at Research Ethical Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (Code: TBZMED.REC.1394.152).
Results: In the present study, INQ for all nutrients (except for vitamins A, D, E, biotin, vitamin B6, folic acid, and iron) was significantly different between the two groups (P‌<0.05). The INQ<1 for these nutrients (except for iron) in both groups indicates insufficient intake of these micronutrients. However, INQ for nearly all nutrients (other than selenium) was higher in the community-living older adults, compared to nursing-home residents (P<0.05). The intake of minerals including calcium, magnesium, manganese, selenium, zinc, chromium, sodium, and potassium was also insufficient in both groups. Nursing-home residents did not meet their estimated needs for vitamins B2, B12, and copper. A significant reverse association was observed for serum hs-CRP level and INQ for vitamin D (P=0.04) and calcium (P=0.038) in the community-living older adults after adjusting for BMI. Such a correlation was also reported between INQ for vitamin B12 and serum hs-CRP level in both groups (P=0.02). 
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended to pay more attention to the nutritional status of older adults, especially those living in nursing-homes. A diet rich in micronutrients, especially vitamin D, calcium, and vitamin B12 may help prevent the development of inflammation in old population.