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Introduction: Among the risk factors for coronary artery disease, less attention has been paid to physical activity, especially in children and adolescents. Various studies have shown that their level of physical activity is lower than the standard for maintaining lower health. In this study, the pattern of physical activity of children and adolescents in the central regions of Iran is examined.
Method: In this descriptive study, which is part of the first phase of the Isfahan Healthy Heart Project and was conducted in 2002, awareness of the attitude and performance of 4,000 urban and rural children and adolescents in preschool to high school in Isfahan (Isfahan, Najafabad) and Markazi (Arak city) and the parents of these students and 500 teachers and school officials have been examined about physical activity and the duration of watching TV through a questionnaire. Sampling was selected in the form of a random cluster and in proportion to the urban and rural population living in the two provinces. Data were analyzed with SPSS software and p<0.05 were considered significant.
Results: About 40 percent of middle and high school students in the two provinces practiced regular sports at school less than two hours a week. Regular morning exercise and school sports were more common in girls than boys (p<0.00001), but regular extracurricular exercise and sports team membership were more common in boys (P<0.001). More than 77 percent of parents were unaware of the importance of childhood exercise in their children's health. The average TV viewing time for children of different ages was 4 hours a day.
Conclusion: The level of physical activity of middle and high school students in the central regions of Iran is less than the desired level and the duration of watching TV is more than the recommended values.

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Introduction: Infertility is an emotional crisis with physical, economic and psychosocial challenges, because it interferes with all personal life aspects. This event is a sever tension of life and produces strong emotional shock in the infertile couple. This study is done with the aim of comparison the psychiatric problems of infertile men and women referring to infertility clinic of Hamadan Fatemyeh Hospital. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional analytical study. Sample size was 400 infertile men and women which were selected by convenience sampling. Data was collected by a demographic questionnaire and SCL90, and analyzed through descriptive statistics and independent T test. Results: Our study indicates that infertile women experience mental problem significantly more than men. With p<0.05 infertile women in 9 categorize of SCL90 including depression, anxiety, phobia, psychosomatic, interpersonal sensitivity, hostility, paranoid ideation and psychotics are significantly different from infertile men. Conclusion: It seems women experience more stress in personal, social and sexual life and women are more sensitive to infertility phenomena that probably is due to cultural problems, mental susceptibility and/or special forms of social communication

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Abstract Background: Different studies have shown the inability of traditional lecture method to active teaching method in concept transmitting of higher learning domain. The aim of this study was comparing the effects of feedback lecture method and conventional lecture method on learning and quality of teaching. Materials and Methods: In quasi-experimental study, 27 Arak medical science midwifery students who were in fourth semester, randomly, were divided to two groups of “teaching by feedback lecture” and “teaching by conventional lecture”. Desired topic were presented by one teacher as a 90- minute lecture in control group and as two 35-minute lectures with 10-minute discussion after each part in case group. Informational form, and post test and student' opinion form were used respectively to identify the demographic characteristics, short tem and long term learning and quality of teaching form. Results: Demographic characteristics, quality of teaching form student’s opinion, total scores of pre and post test were similar in two groups. Results of teaching score in post test in knowledge and perception level were similar. But there was a significant difference between application and analysis level in two groups(p=0.011). Also, total and domain scores of post test after a month were not different in both groups. Conclusion: Results indicated that learning by feedback lecture can be more effective than conventional lecture method in application and analysis domain.

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Abstract Background: Tendency to use of portfolio for evaluating has been developed with the aim of optimum use of assessment culture. Present study was done to determine the effect of portfolio’s evaluation method on midwifery students’ learning and satisfaction in gynecology practical training. Materials and Methods: In this qusi-experimental study, all midwifery students in sixth semester (n=42), were randomly allocated to portfolio and routine evaluation group. Based on educational goals, portfolio groups prepared package which consists of a complete report of history, physical exam and method of patient management for women whom visited gynecology clinic and were evaluated by a portfolio’s evaluation checklist. During the last day of their course, post test, clinical exam and opinion form were taken. Results: The mean of age, score of pretest and gynecology theory were similar in both groups. The mean of pre and post test scores for students of both groups didn’t have significant difference for knowledge and comprehension levels. The mean score of application, analysis and cognitive higher levels questions in portfolio group were significantly greater than routine evaluation group (p=0.001, p=0.02, respectively). The mean of clinical exam score in both groups had a significant difference. In portfolio group, mean of diagnostic and therapeutic solution and Communication between theoretical and clinical leanings scores were more. Students’ overall satisfaction scores in two evaluation methods were similar. Conclusion: Portfolio evaluation provides the opportunity for more learning by increasing the student’s participation in learning process and helping them to apply theory in practice.

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Background: Nursing caries is a developing and rampant form of caries in the primary dentition, which results from pooling of fermentable liquids on primary teeth. This study was carried out to determine the effect of feeding factors on the development of nursing caries in 2-4 year old children in kindergartens of Zahedan. Materials and Methods: In this analytical-cross-sectional study that was conducted in 2006, the social-economic status background (educational background of parents), past feeding practice (breast or bottle feeding and frequency of feeding in day or at night) of 230 2-4 year old in Zahedan, who had been selected in a multi-stage random manner, were examined. The children were examined by mirror and catheter. Diagnostic criterion for nursing caries was caries of at least two maxillary incisors. Results: Prevalence of nursing caries in the studied population was 13%. Factors such as breast feeding, frequency of bottle feeding at night, referring to dentist, and gender correlated with development of nursing caries (p<0.05). Bottle feeding during day or at night and the frequency of breast feeding did not have any significant effects on the development of nursing caries. Conclusion: The prevalence of nursing caries was less in children who had breast feeding, whereas it was higher in children who had frequent bottle feeding at night. Nursing caries was also more common in boys than girls.

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Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of BMI and reproductive histories (age, age at menarche, the number of parities, reproductive years and years since menopause, and serum levels of estradiol, testosterone and SHBG) on bone densitometry of spine and femur in healthy postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: In a descriptive cross-sectional study, 190 healthy postmenopausal women, aged 40-64, who did not have a history of co-existing diseases, diseases affecting the quality of life, bone diseases, and using drugs affecting the bone metabolism, were randomly selected. Bone densitometry, T score, Z score, and bone marrow density (BMD) were determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at lumbar spine and femur. Correlation co-efficients were, then, measured for the relationship between bone density and the intended factors. Results: BMI presented significant positive relationships with T score and BMD of spine and BMD, T score, and Z score of femur, whereas age, the number of years since menopause, and the serum level of testosterone had negative relationships with T score and BMD of spine. The serum level of testosterone showed a negative relationship with Z score reduction in spine. The number of years since menopause had a positive relationship with reductions in Z score and BMD of femur. In addition, significant positive relationships were observed between the number of reproductive years and T score and BMD of spine. Conclusion: Bone loss in postmenopausal women is intensified with increases in age, the number of years since menopause, and the serum level of testosterone, whereas BMI has a bone-protective effect.

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Background: Today, there is growing interest in using traditional medicine for healing cutaneous wounds. Probiotics are defined as different microorganisms that may have positive effects on prevention or treatment of special pathologic conditions. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus brevis on cutaneous wound healing. Material and Methods: In this experimental study, through phenol-sulfuric acid method, 22 strains of lactobacillus isolated from dairy-traditional products were investigated in terms of exopolysaccharide production. Lactobacillus brevis, which had high exopolysaccharide (EPS) production, was selected. A wound was created on the back of male Wistar rats in control, negative control, and experimental groups. Control and experimental groups underwent regional treatment by eucerin and eucerin contained Lactobacillus brevis, respectively, but the negative-control group did not receive any treatment. On days 1, 7 and 21, the rats were killed and their cutaneous wound samples were studied. Data analysis was done through SPSS version 11.5. Results: The percentage of wound healing (99.53%) and inflammation in the experimental group on day 21 compared to control (90.55%) and negative groups (91.14%) was significantly higher (P<0.001). The number of neutrophils in the experimental group decreased in later phases of wound healing compared to the control and negative control groups. Conclusion: The present study showed that Lactobacillus brevis significantly decreases inflammation and accelerates wound healing in treated rats. The findings of this study can be applied clinically in near future

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Background: Dysmenorrhea is a common problem in women of reproductive age and despite the current treatments, it still remains a common problem in women’s health. This study was done to determine the effect of aromatherapy on pain severity in primary dysmenorrhea. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial was done on 108 students with primary dysmenorrhea with pain score of 2 and 3 based on the multidimensional spoken criteria. After random allocation, the participants received massage with almond oil, massage alone, and massage with a mixture of lavender and peppermint essential oil a week before menstrual period until the presence of pain in two continuous cycles. During cycles zero, one, and two, the participants recorded the highest level of pain during the first, second, and third days according to the visual analogue scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: There was a significant difference in the total of the most pain in days 1, 2, and 3 among the groups(p=0.038). A reduction was observed in massage and aromatherapy groups(p=0.014). There were significant differences in within group comparisons (p=0.002) for zero and first cycles(p=0.016) and first and second cycles(p=0.002). Conclusion: Aromatherapy reduces menstrual pain and considering the prevalence of dysmenorrheal, the low price, and harmless nature of this essence, its application in relieving menstrual cramping and pain is recommended.

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Background: Peripheral neuropathy is a common complication associated with diabetes mellitus. It has been shown that oxidative stress is an important etiological factor in neuropathy which contributes to its development however, the exact pathophysiology underlying this complication is not fully understood. This study was designed to examine the effect of regular exercise and vitamin C administration on pain threshold in rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats (220±10 g) were allocated to control and diabetic (control, vitamin C, exercise, and exercise+ vitamin C) groups. Diabetes was induced by the subcutaneous administration of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). A week after the induction of diabetes, the rats were subjected to swimming training and vitamin C treatment for 8 weeks. At the end of weeks 3, 5, and 8, Tail-Flick test was done on the rats to assess pain threshold. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Diabetes significantly decreased pain threshold in the rats. Diabetes-induced hyperalgesia was significantly decreased by training and vitamin C. Concurrent effects of training and vitamin C on thermal pain threshold were significantly higher than each of them alone. Conclusion: Regular exercise together with vitamin C administration can be a proper method for preventing thermal hyperalgesia associated with diabetes. Therefore, they can be effective in the treatment and management of pain

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Background: Platelet glue is a human plasma product that is rich in platelets growth factors and fibrinogen and has haemostatic and healing properties. In the present study, the effect of fibrin sealant rich in platelet growth factors on healing burn wounds was evaluated.

Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial was done on 50 burn patients divided into two equal groups and followed for one month. Both groups received antibiotics during the treatment. Granulation tissue formation and epithelialization were the tokens of wound recovery and positive response to treatment. Data analysis was done by Fisher’s exact test, Mann-Whitney test, and t-test using SPSS software version 16.

Results: The mean of time to complete healing was significantly different in intervention and control groups (p=0.001). Time to recover 100% was 11.5±2.2 days in the intervention group and 16.2±5.3 days in the control group. The intervention group healed about 1.4 times faster than the control group.

Conclusion: Autologous platelet gel can be used as a new therapeutic approach in healing burn wounds. With this product, burn wounds can be expected to heal more quickly.

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Background: Paraoxonase1 activity shows decline in patients with coronary artery disease. The C to T change in the -107 position of promoter is the most important genetic determinant of serum levels of paraoxonase 1. Study of this polymorphism and its relationship with the type of fatty acid composition of phospholipids in HDL particles can be found in the common pursuit of better medicines and considered in drug treatment.

Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study 265 Patients were selected and divided in two groups based on LDL level (131 in case and 134 in control). Information of subjects were collected from questionnaire and the results of biochemistry and molecular tests. Fatty acids of HDL phospholipids were measured with Gas chromatography technic .

Results: PON1aryl esterase activity, had no significant changes after treatment with lovastatin but paraoxonase activity had more significant increases in the CC genitype of -C/T107 polymorphism. Percent of oleic acid, linoleic acid and icosapentanioc acid in HDL phospholipids were increased by lovastatin.

Conclusion: Treatment with lovastatin in the CC genotype is probably more protective effect against cardiovascular disease. Following treatment, in patients with higher paraoxanase 1 activity Oleic acid and linoleic acid have also increased in HDL phospholipids.

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Background: Depression is one of the most common problems in postmenopausal women. Diosgenin present in fenugreek seeds present study the effects of menopause on depression in menopausal women took the city in 1390.

Materials and Methods: In a randomized controlled trial enrolled 60 women with complaints of depression caused by menopause. Beck Depression Inventory on a sample of postmenopausal women and the inclusion criteria were enrolled. The samples were divided randomly into two groups, Diosgenin (6 g Fenugreek seed daily containing 25 mg Diosgenin) and sorbitol (25 mg daily) for 8 weeks were placed before and after 8 weeks of intervention questionnaire, Beck completed SPSS software was used to test the statistical Paired test scores before and after treatment were compared.

Results: Mean depression score decreased after 8 weeks took Fenugreek containing Diosgenin and sorbitol as compared with before of intervention of this study and it was significant.The comparison did not indicate a significant difference between the two groups.

Conclusion: According to the finding of this study, administration of 6 g Fenugreek seed containing Diosgenin for 8 weeks decreased menopausal depression . The need for further studies with longer duration and higher doses before any recommendations can be felt.

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Background: The overuse of therapeutic antibiotics results in the drug resistance. The excessive use of antibiotics causes the mutations in the microorganisms and the emergence of new microorganisms which are resistant against the common antibiotics. With regard to limitations and known side effects of antibiotics, the exploring of antimicrobial compounds seems necessary. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Chevil against Staphylococcus epidermidis PTCC 1435, Yersinia enterocolitica PTCC 1221 and Enterobacter aeruginosa PTCC 1151 and to compare them with the common therapeutic antibiotics.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, after collecting plants from the highlands of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province, the extraction was carried out by the maceration method. To evaluate the antimicrobial activity, Disc diffusion test with Kirby-Bauer method was used. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined by using the dilution method.

Results: The highest inhibition zone diameter in 40 mg/ml was related to Staphylococcus epidermidis and the minimum diameter in this concentration was related to Gram-negative bacteria, Enterobacter aeruginosa. MIC of aqueous and ethanolic extracts for Enterobacter aeruginosa 64 and 32 mg/ml and MBC of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Enterobacter aeruginosa were 128 and 64 mg/ml respectively.

Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of the Chevil compared with the common therapeutic antibiotics had more inhibitory effect on studied bacteria. Furthermore, Chevil extracts showed greater inhibitory effect on Gram-positive bacteria in comparison with Gram-negative bacteria.

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Background: Wound healing is a complex process that is impaired in diabetic patients due to several factors. So far, the positive effects of mesenchymal stem cells secretions in wound healing process have been reported. In this study, we investigated the effect of human mesenchymal stem cells Conditioned media on expression of effective factors involved in wound healing.

Materials and Methods: 27 rats were divided into 5 groups: no wound control, normal control, diabetic control, diabetic placebo and diabetic experimental. Diabetes was induced by Alloxan. A wound was created on the back of the rats. Then, the conditioned medium was prepared from mesenchymal stem cells. Diabetic experimental rats received 200 microliter of conditioned medium intravenously. The wounds were sampled and expression of KGF and TGF-&beta1 genes was examined by RT-PCR on days four and seven after wounding.

Results: In the diabetic experimental group, expression of KGF gene at fourth and seventh days had been non-significantly increased in comparison to diabetic control group. While, expression of TGF-&beta1 gene in diabetic experimental group compared to diabetic control group had been significantly (p<0.05) increased on fourth day, and non-significantly increased on seventh day.

Conclusion: It seems that using the conditioned medium derived from human mesenchymal stem cells positively affects the expression of trophic and inflammatory factors involved in diabetic skin wound healing.

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Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus is associated with reductions in fertility indices. Resistance training, on the other hand, through reducing the adverse effects of diabetes, exerts a positive impact on diabetic individuals. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of ten weeks of resistance training on serum levels of reproductive hormones and sperm parameters in Wistar rats with diabetes mellitus type 2.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 36 Wistar rats with mean weight of 200±50 were randomly assigned to healthy control, diabetic control and diabetic training groups. The diabetic resistance training group received ten weeks of resistance training (climbing up the ladder) following the induction of diabetes. Twenty-four hours after the last training session, left epididymis of the rats was examined for studying sperm parameters and blood serum samples were examined for evaluating reproductive hormones. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Turkey’s Post Hoc test at 0.05%.

Results: Ten weeks of resistance training induced significant increases in serum testosterone and FSH levels in the resistance training group in comparison to the diabetic group (p<0.007).Resistance training did not have any significant effects on serum LH levels in the resistance training group compared to the diabetic control group. In addition, sperm parameters (sperm count, survival rate and motility) presented significant improvements compared to the diabetic group(p<0.05).

Conclusion: Resistance training can improve sperm parameters, including sperm count, survival rate and motility, through increasing serum testosterone, LH and FSH levels (reproductive hormones) in rats with diabetes mellitus type 2.

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Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fed fish oil (FO) with or without vitamin E for mothers on the testis cells of male offsprings.

Materials and Methods: Sixty mature female NMRI mice were divided into different groups: control (CTR; Standard diet(vitamin E 50 mg IU/kg) pre and postnatal period); I) Gavages 0.01 ml/day/mother fish oil (FO)+CTR diet during prenatal period; II) Gavages FO+CTR diet during postnatal period; III) consumed VITE(125 mg IU/kg) 2.5 folded greater than standard recommendations(2×)during prenatal period; IV)consumed VITE(2×)diet during pre and postnatal period; V)consumed VITE(2×)diet during postnatal period; VI) Gavages FO+VITE(2×) diet during prenatal period; VII) Gavage FO+VITE(2×)diet during postnatal period ;VIII) Gavages FO+VITE (2×)diet during pre and postnatal period. After weaning, the testes were collected and histological data were analyzed using SAS software by Duncan test.

Results: testes cells length, width and weight was lower in offspring which their mothers fed FO+CTR diet during prenatal, (p<0.05).Vitamin E consumption during postnatal period improved these parameters (p<0.05). Spermatogoni (47 vs. 43), spermatocyte (43 vs. 34), Spermatid (63 vs. 44), Sertoli (0.9 vs. 2), and Leydig (3 vs. 1.7) were increased as FO+VITE was used than CTR (p<0.05).

Conclusion: The positive effects of supplementation maternal diet by FO with VITE or sole VITE was observed. Thus, antioxidants should be consumed along with omega-3 fatty acids in maternal diet.

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Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and GnRH agonist on the levels of apelin and insulin resistance index in girls with central precocious puberty.

Materials and Methods: In this study, twenty-five girls (7.44±0.34 years) with precocious puberty were included. They were randomly divided into three groups (drug, n=10, exercise+drug, n=8, and exercise, n=7) and one control group (healthy, n=10). In the experimental group, aerobic exercise for 12 weeks, 3 days/week was done, duration intensity of exercise gradually increased 5 minutes and 5% respectively every 2 week. Also, the GnRH agonists were used as medicine. BMI, the apelin and insulin resistance index were assessed before and after exercise.

Results: Insulin resistance index and apelin serum levels in experimental group (exercise and exercise+ drug) were significantly decreased(p=0.05), while these factors were unchanged in control group (p=0.05). Additionally, BMI in exercie groups was significantly decreased (p=0.000), while it was increased in experimental group (drug group) (p=0.06).

Conclusion: Considering to current data, it could demonstrate that aerobic training and GNRH agonists at the same time can lead to a decrease in BMI and apelin and an improvement in insulin resistance index.

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Background and Aim: Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative brain disease that gradually destroys memory and cognitive skills. The disease is caused by the formation of beta-amyloid plaques, oxidative stress, dysfunctions in the cholinergic system, neuronal killing inflammation, and ultimately brain atrophy. Donepezil and hyoscyamoside have inhibitory effects on these pathogens; therefore, their impact on the learning process of Alzheimer’s rats in the Morris Water Maze was investigated.
Methods & Materials:  In the present experimental study, 60 male rats of Wistar breed with approximately 7 weeks age within the control group (rats that received normal water and food), the PBS group (underwent surgery), PBS group (received solvent Aβ), the first Alzheimer›s group (animals that received beta-amyloid by Alzheimer’s surgery, second Alzheimer’s group (after Alzheimer’s surgery, they received 1 cc of normal saline daily, and treatment groups that treated the rats with beta-amyloid after Alzheimer. In the hyoscyamoside group, they received 10 mg/kg daily of hyoscyamoside for 28 days. The donepezil group received it 4 mg/kg daily for 28 days by gavage. The Morris Water Maze test was used to evaluate learning and memory. Data were analyzed by ANOVA statistical analysis and Post Hoc test.
Ethical Considerations: The Ethics Committee in Biomedical Research, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch approved the research (Code: IR.IAU.SRB.REC 1397.057)
Results: Beta-amyloid injection caused extensive damage to memory. The treatment groups with hyoscyamoside and donepezil spent less time and distance with a significant level (P<0.001) than the group of Alzheimer’s patients to find the hidden platform. In the reminder phase, where the previously hidden platform was located, they spent more time, with a significant level (P<0.001) in the local quarter.
Conclusion: Treatment of rats with hyoscyamoside and donepezil improved spatial memory in Alzheimer’s rats. They appear to play a significant role in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

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