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Background: It has been indicated that there is a relationship between vitamin B12 status and cognitive functioning. Measurement of serum vitamin B12 is routinely performed in patients with memory loss during initial diagnosis. Noticing the role of cholinergic system and vitamin B12 on memory, the aim of this experimental study was to examine the effect of the interactions between vitamin B12 and nicotine on memory retention in passive avoidance learning in adult male rats. Materials and Methods: The present study was an experimental one. Drugs, including vitamin B12 (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.05, 0.1, and 1 µg/rat) and nicotine (0.1, 0.5, and 1 µg/rat) were administrated after training session intracerebroventriculary (i.c.v.). The drugs were used (i.c.v.) in a volume of 1µl/rat immediately after the training session. The level of memory retention was evaluated by passive avoidance learning. Twenty-four hours after training, a retention test was performed to determine long-term memory. Statistical analysis was carried out using one-way ANOVA test. Results: The results showed that the administration of vitamin B12 and nicotine significantly increased memory retention in rats. Nicotine significantly increased the response to vitamin B12 in memory retention process. Conclusion: Vitamin B12 through interaction with cholinergic system acts in memory retention process.

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Background: Food insecurity is defined as the limited or uncertain availability of enough food for an always active and healthy life. Diabetes mellitus, one of the most common metabolic diseases, has been associated with significant morbidity and mortality and it is considered a health priority in Iran. Recent studies indicate the widespread prevalence of food insecurity and diabetes mellitus in Iranian society. This study reviews the status of food insecurity and effective socio-economic factors in people with type 2 diabetes.

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 135 patients, aged between 30 and 55, who had recently been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and food insecurity status were assessed using demographic and the 18-item USDA household food security questionnaires, respectively. Physical activity also was evaluated by MET, physical activity questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Chi-square, t-test, and logistic regression.

Results: Prevalence of food insecurity was 66.7%. Food insecurity was significantly associated with economic status, education level, income, having child under 18 years of age, family size, and number of children (p<0.05) however, there was not a significant relationship between food insecurity and occupation, marital status, family history of diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease, age, and the amount of physical activity.

Conclusion: Considering the higher prevalence of food insecurity in diabetic patients, it can be said that it is likely that the incidence of diabetes is higher in food insecure people.