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Introduction: Peptic ulcer is a mucosal lesion of stomach or deodenum in which acid and pepsin play major pathogenic roles. In general population, Helicobacter pylori (HP) plays an important role in peptic ulcer. Peptic ulcer is more common in chronic renal failure (CRF) but its etiology is unknown. Materials and methods: In a descriptive cross-sectional study, the prevalence of peptic ulcer in CRF patients was studied and its relationship with HP was evaluated. All patients were visited in Tajrish shohada hospital, Tehran. CRF was defined as a serum ceratinin concentration equal or more than 2 mg/dl at least for 3 months. Patients who stressful conditions, or were recieved immunosuppressive or NASID drugs, or drugs for eradication of HP were excluded. Upper GI endoscopy was performed for all patients by gastroentrologists to find out peptic ulcer. Biopsy was taken for HP identification by rapid ureas test. Results: The mean age of participants was 56 year and 51% of them had GI symptoms. Nineteen of 98 patients with CRF (19%) had peptic ulcer. That 5 of them were positive HP. HP was identified in 45 (46%) of patients. Conclusion: This study showed that HP is not more prevalent in CRF patients compared to general population. Additionally, peptic ulcer was more common in male patients with CRF than non-CRF subjects.

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Introduction: Tension  headache  is  the  most  common  type  of  headache. Tension  headache is  mostly  caused  by  stress, anxiety  and  depression.  Treatment  is  by  pharmacological  and  nonpharmacological  methods.  Nowdays  nonpharmacological  methods  are  used  increasingly. This  is  a  response  to  the  over  use  of  drugs, side  effects  and  cost.  The  purpose  of  chronic  tension  headache.
Materials  and  Methods: This  research  is  a  clinical  trial  study. 25  women  suffered  from  chronic  tension  headache  were  treated  by  massage  during  5  weeks. Samples  were  asked  to  record  headache  indexes  in  a  checklist  four  times  a  day  (before  breakfast, before launch , before  dinner  and  before  sleep)  through  these  5  weeks. Data  from  the  first  and  fifth  weeks  were  recorded  as  pre  and  post intervention  data and  data  from  the  second, third  and  fourth  weeks  of  investigations  were  recorded  as  the  data  during  intervention.  During  the  intervention  samples  were  treated  twice  a  week  for  20  minutes  each  time  with  the  friction  massage  on  posterior  parts  of  the  neck  and  shoulders.  Headache    indexes  included: intensity, frequency  and  duration  of  headache, headache  intensity  was  recorded  using  11  points  criteria. Headache  frequency  was  measured  by  calculating  the  days  of  headache  in  a  week  and  the  duration  of  the  headache  was  calculated  by  dividing  sum  of  headache  hours  in  a  week  to  the  frequency  of  attacks. Data  was  analyzed  by  analysis  of  variance  and  Tukey  test.
Results: Results  showed  the  positive  effect  of  massage  in  which  headache  indexes  showed  a  meaningful  difference  in  three  stages  of  pre, during  and  post  intervention (p<0.01).
The  recovery  rates for  each  index  were  52%, 28%  and  57%  respectively.
Conclusion: Massage  therapy  resulted  in  the  reduction  of  intensity, frequency  and  duration  of  tension  headache  and  can  be  useful  in  treatment  of  tension  headache .

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Introduction: Sensory stimulation of comatos patients is an important nursing intervention for increasing their LOC and tactile stimulation especially massage is one of the most important stimulations. The nurse as a person, who is responsible for this, must know the effects of this intervention on patients. But there are some conflicts about this intervention's effects especially on vital signs (pulse, blood pressure and respiration). This study was done to determine the effect of massage on comatos patient's vital signs who were hospitalized in intensive care unit. Materials and Methods: This study is a clinical trial. Samples were consisted of 100 comatos patients, divided into two equal groups randomly. The two groups were matched in age, geneder and glascow coma scale. Samples in experimental group received 20 minutes massage on their back, feet and hands in three continuous days. Vital signs in experimental group were measured before and immediately after intervention and vital signs in control group were measured at the same time with experimental group. A check list used was used for collecting data. Data was analyzed using descriptive and analytic statistics (T, paired T and Chi-square tests). Results: Findings showed that massage decreased vital signs significantly as followed: pulse rate and diastolic blood pressure in each three days (p<0.05), systolic blood pressure in first and third days (p<0.05), respiration rate in second day (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that massage can decrease comatos patients' vital signs which can be the indicator of their relaxation and decreasing stress.

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Background: Considering the increased activity of hypothalamic orexinergic neurons due to morphine administration, and its extensive projections to the hippocampus, it is probable that morphine effect on CA1 neuronal function is mediated by orexinergic system. So the effect of hippocampal orexin-1 receptors (OX1R) blockade on CA1 baseline synaptic response and short term synaptic plasticity was investigated.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, animals received morphine 10 mg/kg/12h/(SC) for 10 days. SB-334867-A, OX1R antagonist (0.5&mug/0.5 &mul), was microinjected intrahippcampally for OX1R inhibition before each morphine injection. Baseline synaptic response and short term synaptic plasticity were evaluated by field potential recording. fEPSP was recorded from CA1 following Schaffer collaterals stimulation. After Input/Output construction, short term synaptic plasticity was induced by paired pulse stimulations.

Results: Chronic use of morphine did not affect the baseline synaptic response (p>0.05). SB- 334867-A microinjection in CA1 did not have any effect on baseline synaptic response in morphine dependent rats. Morphine increased paired pulse index (PPI) at 80 ms inter pulse interval (IPI, p<0.05). SB-334867-A pretreatment did not affect this morphine induced PPI change.

Conclusion: The results suggest that orexin-1 receptors (OX1R) do not mediate the effect of morphine on baseline synaptic response and short term synaptic plasticity in CA1 area of the hippocampus.

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Background: Considering the increased activity of hippocampal glial cells due to chronic morphine administration and the involvement of hippocampus in restoration of the addictive drug-associated experience, the role of these cells on morphine induced conditioned place preference (CPP) was investigated.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, four groups of animals were evaluated. After habituation to CPP apparatus on the first day, conditioning was done by injection of morphine (5 mg/kg) or its vehicle (saline) during three consecutive days. On the fifth day, the time spent in each compartment of CPP cage and locomotor activity was recorded for 20 min. To investigate the role of hippocampal glial cells in CPP, these cels were inbibited by bilaterally injecting fluorocitrate (1nmol/1ml), before each morphine injection. CPP testing in this group and animals received fluorocitrate vehicle (Phosphate buffer saline) was done before morphine injection.

Results: Fluorocitrate pretreatment reduced morphine induced conditioned place preference acquisition, so that a significant decrease was observed in conditioning score (unpaired t-test, p<0.01) in this group (n=8) compared to animals received morphine (n=9). Neither morphine nor fluorocitrate pretreatment did not affect locomotor activity (ANOVA, p>0.05).

Conclusion: The results suggest that glial cells in the hippocampus are involved in morphine induced conditioned place preference.

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Background: The aim of this study was to test  the proposed model  for the impact of self-efficacy beliefs on parent’s anxiety and marital adjustment with mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies among parents of chronically ill children of ahwaz city.

Materials and Methods: The statistical universe was all the parents of chronically ill children who was selected by Convenience sampling method.The research tools are included the self-efficacy questionnaire (SES), anxiety questionnaire (STAI), Spanier marital adjustment questionnaire  and Garnesfki cognitive emotion regulation strategies questionnaire.Amos 18 program software was applied for structural equation modeling (SEM).The indirect relationship was tested with bootstrap Amos 18 program software.

Results: The results revealed that the tested model had good fit indices.

Conclusion: Results revealed that self-efficacy beliefs directly influenced on parent's anxiety, marital adjustment, and adaptive and nonadaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Also, adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies have a direct relation with parent's anxiety and marital adjustment. In addition, there was a direct relation between nonadaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and marital adjustment. Alternatively, self-efficacy beliefs directly influenced on anxiety and marital adjustment with mediating role of adaptive cognitive emotion tegulation strategies and indirectly influenced on adjustment with mediating role of nonadaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies.