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Background: Addiction is undoubtedly one of the biggest problems of human societies that every year governments spend enormous amounts of money on fighting it. Most addicts, besides their addiction, cause many psychological problems in their families therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the presence of these disorders between the families of addicts and non-addicts. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was done on a sample of 650 persons of opium addicts' and non-addicts' families using random sampling method. Data were collected through SCL-90-R questionnaire and were analyzed by Chi-square and t-test using SPSS software version 18. Results: There was a significant difference in psychiatric disorders in addicts' and non-addicts' families (p=0.005). Among the 9 psychiatric disorders under assessment, only anxiety, aggression, paranoia, and depression disorders in three types, including pathologic, borderline, and combined (pathologic-borderline), were significantly higher in addicts' families compared with non-addicts' families (p=0.005). Conclusion: Drug dependence disorder in one member of a family has a very important effect on the mental hygiene of the other family members and requires prevention and treatment in both.

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Background: The aim of this study was to determine the prognosis of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in keratoconus patients according to the correlation between aberrations changes before and after RGP lenses.

Materials and Methods: A total of 40 eyes of twenty patients 20 to 40 years with mild, moderate keratoconus were participated in this study. Ocular examinations were included VA with standard Snellen chart, CS with CSV 1000 chart and HOAs with technolas aberrometer objective (Bush & Luamb). All these tests were performed before and after RGP lenses. Refraction and corneal radius of curvature were measured using Autokeratometr. Data were then analyzed with Spss softwair version 11.5.

Results: Mean contrast sensitivity at each spatial frequency with RGP lenses was higher than the best correction in both male and female. Compairing with best correction mean high order aberration of the 5 and 6 mm pupil was reduced with RGP lenses but the effect was not statistically significant different. Mean high order aberration with pupil 6 mm was more than pupil 5 mm. Using Pearson correlation test, there was no significant correlation between visual change and Contrast sensitivity changes with high order aberrations.

Conclusion: Visual performances and visual acuity were improved with RGP lens than best correction by reduction of high-order aberrations. However, there was no correlation or relationship between high order aberrations and visual performance. This indicates that Aberrometery condition was unrelated with Prediction of visual acuity changes in this patients.

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  Background: In spite of designing and applying an effective vaccine against Hepatitis B virus (HBV), chronic infection with this virus is still one of the most important health problems worldwide. Host genetic background including single nucleotide polymorphisms play a significant role in chronicity or clearance of the infection. The final product of programmed cell death 1 gene (PDCD1) is expressed frequently on T-cells and in chronic viral infections, prevent the virus-specific T-cell response against the virus. In this study, the association of a single nucleotide polymorphism (+7146A/G) in intron 4 of PD1 gene with chronic hepatitis B infection in Iranian population has been assessed.

  Materials and Methods: 212 chronic HBV patients and 208 healthy controls were analyzed in this case-control study. Genomic DNA of the studied individuals was extracted and after performing polymerase chain reaction (PCR), polymorphism of +7146 was determined via RFLP method.

  Results: Frequencies of GG, GA and AA genotypes on position 7146 of the intron 4 of PD1 gene were 77.4%, 20.7% and 1.9% in patient group and 80.8%, 15.4% and 3.8% in control group, respectively. After statistical analysis, No significant difference was observed between patient and control groups (p=0.198).

  Conclusion: Genotype frequencies in the studied population are in accordance with the results of previous studies. Results of the present study suggest that there is not any association between A/G single nucleotide polymorphism in intron 4 of PD1 gene and susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B in Iranian population.

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Introduction: Diabetic foot ulcer is the most common cause of hospitalization in diabetic people, while one of the prominent sources of anxiety in patients is the time of discharge from the hospital. This study aimed to determine the effect of the SMART discharge protocol on the anxiety of diabetic foot ulcer patients.
Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 50 patients with diabetic foot ulcers Were divided equally into two control (25 patients) and intervention (25 patients) groups, randomly and based on the Inclusion criteria. In the intervention group, the SMART discharge protocol was implemented from their admission to the day of discharge. The Demographic information questionnaire and Spielberger questionnaire were used to determine patients' anxiety. The data were analyzed at two descriptive and inferential levels.
Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the mean score of anxiety for diabetic foot ulcer patients in the two groups before the intervention. In contrast, after the intervention, the mean anxiety score in the two groups showed a statistically significant difference (P = 0.0001).
Conclusions: According to the results of the present study, it seems that the smart discharge protocol was effective in reducing the anxiety of diabetic foot ulcer patients. Therefore, it is recommended that nursing officials and managers implement this protocol.