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Introduction: This  research  is  a  study  for  evaluating  the  rate  of  satisfaction  of  physical  and  psychosocial  needs  of  thirds  girl  students  of  secondary  school  of  Arak  by  their  parents.
Materials  and  Methods: In  this  research  556  girl  adolescents  were  studied.  Sample  were  selected  by  clustering  method.  Data  were  collected  by  questionnaire  (contain  57 question)  completed  by  studied  units.  After  collect  the  data , results  were  analyzed  by  statistical  methods.
Results: 69.1%  samples  were  high  satisfied, 29.3%  medium  and  1.6^  low  satisfied  in  relation  to  physical  needs  by  their  parents  and  69.6%  were  high  satisfied, 28.2% medium  and  2.2%  low  satisfied  in  relation  to  psychosocial  needs  by  their  parents.  The  rate  of  satisfaction  for  physical  needs  is  statistically  correlated  to  the  variable  such  as  age  of  the  students (p<0.05), age  of  the  mother (p=0.03), age  of  the  father  (p=0.0001), education  levels  of  the  parents (p=0.0001), job  of  the  father (p=0.0001), job  of  the  mother (P=0.0007), rank  of  birth (p=0.008)  and  total  children  of  the  family (p=0.0001).  Results  of  the  research  shoed  that  rates  of  satisfactions  for  psychosocial  needs  of  the  samples  have  a  meaningful  correlation  with  variables  such  as  age  of  the  student (p=0.003), education  levels  of  the  mother (p=0.0001), job  of  the  parents (p=0.0007)  and  total  children  of  the  family (p=0.0001).
Conclusion: Finally  the  result  of  this  research  indicates  that  families  economic  disorders  affects  cause  an  important  role  against  in  sufficiency  of  psychosocial  needs  in  adolescents. Therefore  it  should  be  suggested  to  perform  a  more  developed  study  about  the  above  subject  in  order  to  obtain  the  most  accurate  conclusion.

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Background: Medical equipment improvement and tremendous expenditure is allocated costs annually, so that optimum and proper maintenance management of equipment would have outstanding effects on health and treatment of medical training and research economies of the country. Present research was implemented aiming to examine effect of the medical equipment maintenance management systems on the hospital setting expenditures. Methods and Materials: In an interventional research, the model of medical equipment maintenance management system implemented in Imam Khomeini Hospital was examined precisely and based on appropriate software for Vali-e-Asr Hospital was designed. According to the model for all available medical instruments in Vali-e-Asr hospital with usage of more than 5 years (240 medical equipment) all costs were recorded in 2006 and compared with previous year (2005). Results: There wasn't any training for medical equipment operators and for its implementation necessity on 21.7% of equipment in the installation and start up phase with for 83.7% of equipments the operator was not fixed using of medical equipment maintenance management system, the repair events decreased from 78 events in 2005 to 58 events in 2006. Vali-e-Asr hospital recorded costs for maintenance and repair of medical equipment in 2006 was 801765375 Rials(Iran)which decreased to 513212912 Rials (Iran) according to accurate calculation of costs and auditing by medical equipment engineer and shows 36% saving in expenditures by medical equipment maintenance management system. Conclusion: Medical equipment computer–based maintenance, management system implementation and also using of medical engineers potentialities in hospital are necessary.

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Background: Providing health not only is responsibility of governmental organizations but also is responsibility of Community Health Vounteers help to health staff in health centers and try to promote people's knowledge and practice about their health. This study is conducted to determine knowledge and practice of the volunteers before and immediately after education and evaluated long – term education effects. Methods and Materials: This interventional (semi- experimental) study was carried out on 78 health communicators Arak with census method. In Arak axis education were included check of vital signs and rescue method during disasters. Methods of education were lecture, smallgroup, problem solving, and practical training in Skin lab. Data were gathered with questionnaire and check list and were analyzed with Paired T-test and Pearson correletion coefficient. Data was analyzed using paired t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: There was a significant difference between mean of knowledge and practice scores before and immediately after training (p<0.001). But the relationship between scores immediately after training and one year later, was not significant. Conclusion: It seems updated knowledge and practice of health volunteers change health behavior, promote knowledge and practice and decrease health care expenses.

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Background: Inmedical practice, learning the correct method of CPR and its practice and continuous training are of great importance. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of mental practice on learning basic CPR operations in undergraduate anesthesiology students studying at Arak University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: This educational trial was carried out on 46 anesthesiology students at Arak University of Medical Sciences that were divided into intervention (mental and practical training) and control (practice alone)groups. Then they were assessed through accuracy and speed checklist designed by two instructors blind to the presence of training. Data were analyzed by t-test and Chi-square using SPSS software. Results: The mean scores of speed in intervention and control groups were 2.50.26 and 3.160.33, respectively, which showed a significant difference (p=0.001). The mean scores of the accuracy of students’ performance in case and control groups were 4.330.7 and 3.40.62, respectively, which indicated asignificant difference between them (p=0.001). Theopinions of the students in the mental practice group (90%) suggested the positive effects of mental practice on their performance. Conclusion: This study showed that mental practice increases students’ performance. Hence, for achieving better results in clinical practice, the application of both physical and mental exercisesby the teachers is suggested.

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Background: Considering the importance of the presence of volunteer health care communicators and the reduction in their cooperation with health centers or their breaking off their communication in recent years, this study was done to explore the educational needs of health care communicators and their instructors. Materials and Methods: In a qualitative study, data were obtained through focus group discussions (FGDs) and individual depth interviews (IDIs) for need assessment from three groups of active volunteer health care workers, inactive volunteer health care workers and health instructors. In total, 14 FGD and 5 DII were held to cover the aims of research chosen by aimed sampling. The analysis was carried out by qualitative content analysis. Results: Three major themes emerged from data analysis, including the concepts of soft and hard tools (time, space, educational tools, and educational content), educator (teaching methods, awareness, and skills), and learner (application, literacy, experience learning level, and motivation). Conclusion: Many of the educational needs of the health care communicators and their educators had not been met which, in many cases, had led to the discontinuation of their cooperation with health centers. Hence, presenting the obtained feedback to officials for meeting their needs can be an effective measure in improving the activities of the communicators and their continuous presence in the health care system.

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Background: In this research dosimetric parameters of mercury was investigated as a radiotherapy modulator and compared with cerrobend as a common beam attenuator material in most radiotherapy centers. Also several designs for mercury shielding system were evaluated.

Materials and Methods: In this experimental research transmission factor of different thicknesses of cerrobend and mercury at 6MV and 18MV photon beams was measured in order to investigate mercury as a beam modulator. Relative dosimetry was done with ionization chambers and then mercury modulating system for radiotherapy was designed with different cross sections.

Results: The result show that the transmission values increased with field size increment due to increased scatter contribution, for all cerrobend and mercury thicknesses at two energies. The procedure of mercury transmission factor is in agreement with cerrobend transmission factor. The second designed system with hexagonal cross section is in good agreement with patient contour.

Conclusion: The experimental investigation on mercury dosimetric parameters showed that mercury can be proposed as a modifier in radiotherapy because of its profit properties such as being liquid in room temperature, power of attenuation and …. So mercury can be proposed as a beam modifier (at closed system because of its poison vapor) in radiotherapy. Keywords: beam modifiers, Cerrobend, dosimetry, Mercury

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Background: One of the amendments made in Iran's Health System was family physician program were introduced in 2004 . This study aimed to describe the experiences of physician and other health team members about general interest of this program.

Materiasl and Methods: This study is a qualitative and data collection method was in-depth interviews (semi-structured). Groups participants including 15 physicians, 15 midwives and 25 healthworker declare their experiences about of general advantage in this program. In total, 55 interviews were carried out in population. Purposive sampling fand content analysis with comparative of the methods were used.

Results: In this study, after continuous analysis of data 376 initial codes were obtained. After integration of theses codes 30 the secondary cods come out which consist of public or general interest and economic benefit, respectively. Moreover 4 sub-categories (improve of index of public health and care, health folder, insurance for rural, low referral to expert of physican), were created.

Conclusion: Based on the results the use of electronic folders instead of traditional folder and accelerate to acsess of information patient for promotion of care and finally delivery some facilitate for health team worker recommended.

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Background: Breast cancer is both the prevailing malignancy and the most common cause of cancer death among women. Many factors may play a role in the susceptibility to the breast cancer and Oxygen Free Radicals may be one of these. There are various known antioxidant systems against oxidative stress, including ParaoxonaseI. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between rs854560 polymorphism in the PON1 gene in patients with breast cancer.

Materials and Methods: We performed genotyping analysis using polymerase chain reactionrestriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay in a case–control study of 83 confirmed breast cancer patients and 100 cancer-free controls in Markazi Province.

Results: In our study of the PON1 gene L55M polymorphism, the LL genotype was found in 2 (2.40%) patients, whereas the LM genotype was found in 69 (83.13%) patients. The MM genotype was present in 12 (14.45%) patients. In the control group, LL, LM and MM genotypes were found in 4 (4%), 81 (81%), and 15 (15%) subjects, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between patient and control groups in terms of the PON1 gene L55M polymorphism (p= 0.825). Allele distributions were different but this difference did not reach statistical significance (p= 0.920).

Conclusion: We found no association between M55L polymorphism and breast cancer.

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Abstract

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder described by central nervous system (CNS) demyelination and axonal damage. While the cause of MS is still unknown, it is extensively accepted that novel drug targets need to attention. Retromers are protein complex that have an essential role in endosomal trafficking, and retromer dysfunction has been associated to several neurological disorders. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the expression of SNX2 gene as a part of retromer complex in MS patients with health individuals.

Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 50 samples of cases of multiple sclerosis (MS) and 50 healthy controls were enrolled. Followed verifying disease, 3cc peripheral blood was given from all subjects. Total RNA was extracted and complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized. The relative gene expression was determined using quantitative real-time RT PCR (qRT-PCR) and evaluated by  method.

Results: The expression of SNX2 gene was lower in MS patients compared with healthy controls and it was statistically significant (p< 0.05).

Conclusion: Our study showed that the expression of SNX2 is lower in multiple sclerosis disorder. Considering the functional role of SNX2 as a protein involved in trafficking process, SNX2 may affect receptor function or drug targeting. Therefore, supplementary studies should be done to elucidate the exact mechanism of action of the gene in cellular trafficking.

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Background and Aim: Low-volume, high-intensity interval training (HIT) increase skeletal muscle aerobic capacity, yet little is known about the potential mechanisms in improvement of this adaptability. The purpose of present study was to examine the effect of four weeks of HIT on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein contents in skeletal muscle of active men. Materials and Methods: Eight active male students voluntarily and purposefully participated in this study. One week before the experiment started; subjects were familiar with protocol of research. Needle biopsy samples vastus lateralis were obtained 48 h before training and 72 h after the final training session. HIT protocol consisted of 11-15 bouts of 1 min cycling at ∼85-90% of reserve heart rate separated by 1 min of active recovery between each, 3 sessions per week for 4 weeks. Variables were measured by ELISA. All data were analyzed using paired t-test and at the level of significance of p ≤ 0.05. Findings: Results of study showed the four weeks of HIT lead to significant increase in PGC-1α and VEGF (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that activation of VEGF from PGC-1α pathway is part of cellular-molecular mechanisms of high-intensity interval training. So, probably angiogenesis in skeletal muscle is one of the most important factors in improving of aerobic performance, which requires more studies.

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Abnormal and uncontrolled growth of the cells can lead to cancer. In advanced countries, cancer is the second leading cause of death, and in our country, it is the third cause of death (after cardiovascular diseases and driving accidents). According to a report published by the Institute of Health and Evaluation (2015), for evaluating 32 cancers in 195 countries between 2005 and 2015, the prevalence of cancer has increased by 33% (1). Radiotherapy is one of the most common cancer treatments that can be used alone or in combination with other therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy or hormone therapy. Approximately 52% of patients with cancer have to be treated by Radiotherapy with a 50% contribution to treatment (2). Radiation therapy uses gamma rays or x-rays or accelerated particles to destroy tumor cells (3). In the past, radiotherapy was done in a two-dimensional fashion, using rectangular fields based on conventional imaging that has now been replaced with 3D conformal radiotherapy. In Three‐dimensional treatment, based on CT or other imaging methods, the treatment volumes such as: GTV (Gross Tumor Volume), target with microscopic spread of tumor that is CTV (Clinical Tumor Volume), ITV (Internal Target Volume), PTV (Planning Target Volume) and also related organs at risk are defined with high accuracy for treatment planning (4). In recent years, with the advancement of computer sciences in treatment planning systems, as well as accelerator equipment for delivering the dose to the patient, treatment can be applied as Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT). In IMRT, each radiation field consists of a beamlets and produces different intensities. This treatment is especially useful for curved areas and when the organs at risk are in the vicinity of the tumor. IMRT can be delivered using linear accelerators with static or Dynamic MLCs, Intensity Modulated Arc Therapy (IMAT), Volumetric Arc Modulated Therapy (VMAT) or tomotherapy (5). In determination of treatment volumes, the selection of appropriate margin is very important, because small margin may cause loos of the tumor and great margin can damage healthy tissues. The use of IGRT (Image Guide Radiotherapy) reduces these errors and increases the accuracy of treatment. Todays, in developed countries, SRT (Stereotactic Radiation Therapy) is used to destroy the non-surgical tumors, such as some of the brain tumors. In SRS, the prescribed dose is delivered to the tumor up to five sessions. In this method using imobilization devices is important, which usually involve the use of the relevant frames (6). In this regard, Cyber knife is actually a stereotactic system in which the x-ray source is mounted on a robot and can rotates in different angles. This treatment is based on three-dimentional imaging, so the tumor can be identified precisely with the guide of imaging. Cybernayev can be used to treat small tumors with high precision (7). In addition to treatment with X-rays, ions such as proton can be used to kill cancer cells. One of the important features of treatment with proton is the deliver of the absorbed dose of the particles into the tissue. The absorbed dose curve of this beam in the tissue has a peak at a specified depth, depends on the energy used, called the Bragg peak which can give the highest dose of radiation in the tumor site (8). There have been many advances in radiotherapy in Iran in recent years, but there is still lack of some advanced treatment equipment. On the other hand, with the regard of the significant cancer rate in the country, it is necessary to have proper information about the incidence of cancer at first. It should be noted that the use of registration systems based on just laboratory information (pathology) leads to a low number of cancer statistic, which this way is recorded in Iran. However, the cancer registry system in developed countries is based on clinical information and mortality in addition to collecting laboratory information. Another factor causing errors in the cancer record statistics is the population coverage of cancer registries; for example, population coverage in the United States is 99%, Australia and New Zealand is 86%, and the European ::union:: is 57%, while coverage in South and central America is only 21% and in the African and Asian countries is 11 % and 8 %., respectively (1). Therefore, at first, it seems necessary to register the cancer properly in our country and then, based on the needs assessment for the different regions, establish and equipe radiotherapy centers.

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