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Introduction: Sex  ratio  is  referred  to  male, female  ration which  is  usually  1.06. This  ratio  is  decreased  during  the  last  few  years. One of  its  reasons  seems  to  be  poisons  and  environmental  pollutions  such  as  cigarette  smoke.  In  this  investigation  we  studied  the relationship  between  fathers  cigarette  smoking  and  sex  ratio  in  children.
Materials  and  Methods: This  is  a  historical  cohort  study.  Study  population  were  neonates  born  in  Arak  hospitals  during  summer  and  autumn  1383.  Sample  size  was  determined  710  neonates, based  on α=5%, β=10%. Sampling  method  was  census  in  which  all  newborns  with  inclusion  criteria  were  selected  and  questionnaires  were  filled. Samples  were  divided  into  three  groups. 1-newborns  with  nonsmoker  fathers  2- newborns  with  smoker  fathers (less  than  20 cigarette  a day) 3- newborns  with  smoker  fathers  (20  or  more cigarettes  a  day) (fathers  cigarette  smoking  at  least  3  months  before  conception  in  second  and third  group). Newborns  sex  ratio  was  determined  in  each  group  and  caparisoned. Data  analysis  was  done  by  frequency, ratio, mean  and  standard  deviation  indexes  and  k-s, leven, t, mann-whitney, chi  square  tests  and  relative  risk, using  SPSS  software. At  all  stages  study  Helsinki  declaration  was  regarded.
Results:  Overall  sex  ratio  was  1.04. This  ratio  was  1.272  for neonates  with  nonsmoker  fathers  and  0.77  for  neonates  with  smoker  fathers. Also  sex  ratio  in  newborns  with  smoker  fathers  using  less  than  20  cigarettes a  day  was  0.846  and  for  those  with  fathers  using 20  or  more  was  0.60. Based on  chi  square  there  was  a  meaningful  relationship  between  the  three  groups (p<0.00001). Relative  risk  in  low  cigarette  group  was  1.23  and  in  high  cigarette  group  1.42.
Conclusion: Based  on  findings  it  seems  that  fathers  cigarette  smoking  near  conception  results  in  decreasing  sex  ratio  and  the  increased  use  of  cigarettes  the  decreased  born of  male  neonates. 
 

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Introduction: Preeclampsia is one of the three major causes of death in pregnant women. Researcher believed that consuming proper nutrients can be a solution. In the last few years, the effect of type of fruits and vegetables on prevention of preeclampsia has been investigated, but there are still questions about the proper amount (unit) of fruits and vegetables. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was done on pregnant women referring to Thaleghani hospital in Arak. 35 pregnant women with preeclampsia were selected as case, and 70 healthy pregnant women as control group. The two groups were matched. Data were collected with a questionnaire consisting of two parts, first demographic information and second information about the amount of consumed fruits and vegetables. Each woman was questioned about food consumption 3 month before and during second trimester of her pregnancy. Portion of fruits and vegetables was calculated per week and then compared between the two groups. K-S, Leven, Mann-Whitney, and Chi2 tests were used for analyzing data. Results: In preeclampsia group, 3 month before pregnancy mean consumption of fruits and vegetables was 7.69±16 per week, and in healthy group was 12.43±1.87. There was a significant difference between the two groups (p=0/029). In the second trimester of pregnancy the mean was 11.03±1.6 and 13.95±0.98 in case and control group, respectively. Differences were significant (p=0.03). Incidence of preeclampsia was increased in group with less than 25% consumption of fruits and vegetables before pregnancy (less than 5unit per week) (P=0.05, OR:2.32, 95%CI:1/7, 7/24). This difference was also significant in the second trimester (P<0/03, OR:2.57, 95% CI:1/4, 54/29). Also in women who consume less than 8 units per week, the incidence of preeclampsia was increased. Conclusion: It was concluded that it seems there is relationship between consumption of fruits and vegetables with decreasing occurrence of preeclampsia. So researchers suggest that high risk groups of women be identified and educated to consume fruits and vegetables.

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Background: Conjunctivitis is a common cause of reference to pediatrician and general hospitals. The common method of treatment is prescription of antibiotics however, there are concerns over the development of antibiotics resistance and their adverse effects. Therefore, this study was done to compare the effects of boiled water as supplementary treatment and antibiotics on the severity of infants' conjunctivitis. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, 110 infants referring to the Pediatric Clinic of Amir Kabir Hospital in Arak were randomly allocated to 2 groups. The first group (intervention) received boiled water together with ophthalmic erythromycin ointment 1% and sulfastamid ophthalmic solution 10% four times a day and the second group (control) just received antibiotics. Severity of infants conjunctivitis on the first, third, and seventh days of treatment were compared between the two groups using SPSS software. Results: On the 3rd day, 18.2% of the infants in the intervention group and 9.1% of the infants in the antibiotics group were cured which did not indicate a significant difference (p=0.44). On the 7th day, the recovery rate was promoted to 32.7% and 34.5% in the intervention and control groups, respectively (p>0.05). Mild severity cases were 58.2% in the intervention and 45.5% in the control groups (p>0.05) while moderate severity cases of conjunctivitis were 9.1% and 20% in the intervention and control groups, respectively (p>0.05). Conclusion: Although the number of infants who were cured was more in the boiled water group with antibiotics group and the intensity and duration of their disease were less than the control group, these differences were not statistically significant.

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Background: Dysmenorrhea is a common problem in women of reproductive age and despite the current treatments, it still remains a common problem in women’s health. This study was done to determine the effect of aromatherapy on pain severity in primary dysmenorrhea. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial was done on 108 students with primary dysmenorrhea with pain score of 2 and 3 based on the multidimensional spoken criteria. After random allocation, the participants received massage with almond oil, massage alone, and massage with a mixture of lavender and peppermint essential oil a week before menstrual period until the presence of pain in two continuous cycles. During cycles zero, one, and two, the participants recorded the highest level of pain during the first, second, and third days according to the visual analogue scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: There was a significant difference in the total of the most pain in days 1, 2, and 3 among the groups(p=0.038). A reduction was observed in massage and aromatherapy groups(p=0.014). There were significant differences in within group comparisons (p=0.002) for zero and first cycles(p=0.016) and first and second cycles(p=0.002). Conclusion: Aromatherapy reduces menstrual pain and considering the prevalence of dysmenorrheal, the low price, and harmless nature of this essence, its application in relieving menstrual cramping and pain is recommended.