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Introduction: Nosocomial  infection  is  responsible  of  over  20.000  mortality  in  year  and  about  60%  admission  in  hospital  cause  nosocomial  infection. Thus  it  is  necessary  to  evaluate  attitude, knowledge  and  practice  of  nursing  staff  about  prevention  of  it.
Materials  and  Methods: In  this  study, 100  nursing  staff of  teaching  hospitals  in  Bushehr  were  selected  in  a  multistaging  random  sampling. A  questionnaire  used  for  determination  of  attitude, knowledge  subjects  and  practice  was  assessed  by  check  list  which  reliability  and  validity  of  it  assessed  by  pilot  study. The  questioner  had  15  questions  of  attitude  based  on  likret  scale. In  data  analysis  of  attitude  scores  aet  in  rang  of  15-75, the  high  scores  indicate  positive  attitude  and  the  lowest  scores  indicate  negative  attitude. The results  divided  in  to  three  group:  negative, positive  and  no  idea  and  showed  that  most  staff  had  positive  attitude(85.5%) about  infection  control. In  analysis  of  knowledge  and  practice  scores, score  100  consider  the  highest  level  and  below  50  no  acceptance.
Results: Showed  that  44%  nursing  staff  had  optimal  knowledge  related  to  nosocomial  infection  and  most  of  them  practice  poor  inprocedures  such  as  change  dressing (84%), tracheal suctioning (81%), bladder catheterization (83%)  and  change  venous  site (78%. There  was  seen  statistical  relationship  between  knowledge  and  academic  degree,  position, and  years  in  practice. The  last  variable  had  negative  relationship  (p<0.01, r=-0.276). In  addition  there  was  seen  relationship  between  practice  and  experience  in  critical  care  unit, family  history  of  infection  disease  and  participation  in  teaching  session (p<0.01)
Conclusion: This  study  results  showed  poor  knowledge  and  practice  of  nursing  staff  nosocomial  infection  control  in  study  society  and  must  be  attention  to  it  in  this  group  and  similar  societies.

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Introduction: Compensatory renal growth (CRG) is growth of the remaining functional nephrons and interstitium alter some nephrous have been surgically removed or damaged due to disease. This growth includes the increase of kidney weight caused by hepertrophy and hyperplasia. Although uremic patients are often treated with growth hormone (GH), it is thought that GH may actually increase the degree of renal hypertrophy and the progress of CRG to the scarring and therefore accelerate renal failure. The aim was ultrastructural study of the effects of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) on the renal tubulointerstitial changes following 5/6 nephrectomy (SNX).
Materials and Methods: For this 48 rats from mule Lewis and Dwarf Lewis rats strains were used. Each strain was divided to control, control+rhGH, SNX and SNX+rhGH groups. Dwarf rats strain have only 10% of circulating GH compared to the normal strain one month later the rats were injected with exogenous growth hormone (thGH) or saline two times per day for 30 consecutive days.
Results: The results showed tubular basement membranes was partially thickened in control thGH group and it was too thickened and multi-layered in the SNX groups. Tubular basement membrane was too thickened in the SNX-TGH group in compared to SNX only. Many of Convoluted tubules lost their apical architecture and mitochondria often appeared damaged and cytoplasm contained increased numbers of lysosomes. After SNX areas of focal fibrosis were common. These areas were become infiltrated with modified fibroblasts and myofibroblasts were present. The interstitium become filled with extracellular fibres and amorphous material.
Conclusion: It is evident that many of these changes were made more sever by treatment with thGH in both strains following SNX. So it seems GH caused more synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins and ultrastructural changes of the renal tubulointerstitial.

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Introduction: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or type 1 diabetes is an organ-specific autoimmune disease that caused by destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. Etiology of this disease is still unknown. It is seen that genetic and environmental factors play an important role for susceptibility to develop type 1 diabetes. The relationship between HLA associated factors and susceptibility to IDDM disease, was reported by several investigators. Also, some studies show that dermatoglyphics is associated with type 1 diabetes. However, it is maybe there is an association between HLA and dermatoglyphics inpatients'with type 1 diabetes and these characteristics could be applied for diagnosis of disease.
Materials and Methods: In this study, the prevalence of HLA (with using standard microlymphocytotoxicity method) and dermatoglyphics determined in 30 Iranian patients with IDDM and 30 normal healthy controls with similar ethnic background and the same geographical area.
Results: A significantly higher frequency of HLA-DQ, A2, DR3 and DQ2 were found in IDDM cases compared to the controls. The results obtain from dermatoglyphics showed that line ab was reduced in male and female type 1 diabetes. The reciever operating chractristics curve showed that the positive point for lines ab in right and left hands were 34.7 and 35.25, respectively.
Discussion: There is no association between HLA and dermatoglyphics.
With considering of genes encoding of HLA separated from genes determining dermatoglyphics, HLA typing and dermatoglyphics seem to be interesting tools for genetic studies related to type 1 diabetes. Further studies are recommended in order to provide more insight into the susceptibility to this disorder.

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Introduction: The two therapeutical methods, ambulatory phelebectomy and stripping, used in the treatment of venous varices seem to have different duration of admission and complications. In this study the variables which seemed to be different between these two approaches have been compared with each other.
Materials and methods: In an analytic cross-sectional investigation, 43 patients were operated for venous varices with stripping and ambulatory phlebectomy were studied. Gender, age, type of operation, post- operative complications (hematoma, pain and paresthesia), duration of admission and the duration of operation were recorded for all subjects.
Results: Out of 43 patients, 19 were operated by ambulatory phlebectomy and the other by stripping methods. There was no meaningful difference in the groups with respect to the sex. There was a meaningful difference between both groups with respect to hemetoma (5.3% versus 0%).The average duration of admission and operation in the stripping was virtually more than the ambulatory phlebectomy.
Discussion: The duration of operation, hematoma, pain and paresthesia was proportionally more in the stripping procedure than the ambulatory phlebectomy. Thus, ambulatory phlebectomy can be more helpful in the treatment of venous of limbs.

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Introduction: Diabetes  during  its  progress can  result  in  nephropathy.  Some  of  its  symptoms  are  increasing  kidney  size  and  weight  and  its  components.  Regarding  useful  components  of  onion  and  its  antioxidant, decreasing  stress  oxidative  and b decreasing  blood  glucose  effects. This  investigation  is designed  to  study  the  effect  of  onion  water-alcohol  extract  in  preventing  nephropathy  and  its  effect  on  kidney  structure  based  on  stereology  method.
Materials  and  Methods: Four  groups  of  matured  vistar  rats (n=8)  were  selected randomly (control  group, control + extract  group, diabetic  only  group, diabetic + extract  group). Diabetes  was  induced  by  injecting  interperitoneal  sreptozotocin  (60mg/kg). The  control+ extract group  and  diabetic + extract  group  were  treated  by  onion-water  extract (50 mg/rat)every day  for  four  weeks. Then  all  groups  were  anesthetized  and  their  left  kidney  was  removed  and  fixed  in  Bouin  fixative. After  histologic  passage  and H & E  dying, using  stereologic  techniques, qualitative  measurement  was  performed  by  Cavalier  method  for  cortex, medulla, glomerulus  and  kidney  size.  Data analysis  was  done  by  SPSS  software  using one  way  anova, tukey  and  paired  test. p<0.05  was  considered  significant.
Results: The  primary  and  secondary  weight  of  rats  in  only  diabetic  group  and  diabetic  + extract  group  was  not  different, but  in  control  group  and  control  + extract  group  was  significantly  different (p<0.05). Medulla, cortex  and  whole  kidney  size  in  only  diabetic  group  in  comparison  with  diabetic+ extract  group  had  no  difference, but  total  glomerular  size  in  diabetic  only  group  and  diabetic + extract  group  was  significantly  different (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Experimental  induction  of  diabetes  by  STZ  in  a  short  period  showed  that  onion  extract  can  prevent  glomerular  hypertrophy  and  increasing  kidney  weight  in  diabetic  rats, but  had  no  effect  on  overall  kidney  size. So  the  study  of  onion  extract  effects  on  kidney  structure  during  a  long  period  is  recommended.      
 
 
 

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Introduction: Cystic hygroma is a disorder in lymphatic vessel formation that involves the adjacent organs and can affect them due to its fast growing nature . The main treatment for cystic hygroma is surgical intervention that can have many complications after surgery. Treatments other than surgical interventions is the use of sclerosing agents. The goal of this study is to analyze the effect of Beliomycin in treating cystic hygroma . Materials and Methods: This quasi experimental study was carried out clinically at st-al Zahra and Kashanie hospitals of Isfahan from 1372 to 1383. A checklist including age, sex, cyst location, cystic hygroma volume before and after Beliomycin injection and/or surgery, was completed for each patient. Data was analyzed by T and paired T-Tests. p<0.05 was considered meaningful. Results:The study was carried out on 72 patients. 24 patients were treated with Beliomycin and 48 patient by surgery. Patients age was below 1 month up to 18 years old . Cystic hygroma was mainly located at neck region(46.8%). The average size of cystic hygroma was 103.9±29.66cm3 before Beliomycin injection and 34.91 16.19cm3 after that (p=0.004). and 43.511±7.81cm3 before surgery and 1.39±1.39 cm3 after that(p=0.006). The rate of recurrence of lymphingoma in the surgery treated group was 25.1% and in the group treated with Beliomycin was 29.2% with no significant difference. Conclusion: Regarding the considerable decrease in cyst volume after Beliomycin injection and it,s low complication compared to surgery, this method can be used as a primary treatment or supplementary to surgery.

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Introduction: Infertility is an emotional crisis with physical, economic and psychosocial challenges, because it interferes with all personal life aspects. This event is a sever tension of life and produces strong emotional shock in the infertile couple. This study is done with the aim of comparison the psychiatric problems of infertile men and women referring to infertility clinic of Hamadan Fatemyeh Hospital. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional analytical study. Sample size was 400 infertile men and women which were selected by convenience sampling. Data was collected by a demographic questionnaire and SCL90, and analyzed through descriptive statistics and independent T test. Results: Our study indicates that infertile women experience mental problem significantly more than men. With p<0.05 infertile women in 9 categorize of SCL90 including depression, anxiety, phobia, psychosomatic, interpersonal sensitivity, hostility, paranoid ideation and psychotics are significantly different from infertile men. Conclusion: It seems women experience more stress in personal, social and sexual life and women are more sensitive to infertility phenomena that probably is due to cultural problems, mental susceptibility and/or special forms of social communication

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Background: Permanent pacemakers are applied to treat some 2nd and 3rd degree AV blocks. Previous studies have shown the hemodynamic changes that may occur after pacemaker implantation. In this study, we have evaluated these hemodynamic changes from a different view point, with measurement of urinary sodium and blood pressure. Materials and Methods: This is a before and after clinical trial study in which 30 patients, who were hospitalized for permanent pacemaker implantation for the first time in Tehran heart center during 3 years, including 12 women (mean age 62.92 years) and 18 men (mean age 60.07 years), were tested for urinary specific gravity and sodium, blood pressure, blood sodium and potassium, before and after pacemaker implantation. Paired sample T test and Chi Square test were used for statistical analysis. Results: Systolic blood pressure was 136.5 mmHg and 120.6 mmHg before and after pacemaker implantation, (P<0.001). Also, after pacemaker implantation, urinary sodium rose from 83.45 meq/L to 106.61 meq/L (p=0.018). Conclusion: This study is consistent with previous studies, which showed hemodynamic changes after permanent pacemaker implantation including decrease in blood pressure and elevation of serum neuropeptides.

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Introduction: Sensory stimulation of comatos patients is an important nursing intervention for increasing their LOC and tactile stimulation especially massage is one of the most important stimulations. The nurse as a person, who is responsible for this, must know the effects of this intervention on patients. But there are some conflicts about this intervention's effects especially on vital signs (pulse, blood pressure and respiration). This study was done to determine the effect of massage on comatos patient's vital signs who were hospitalized in intensive care unit. Materials and Methods: This study is a clinical trial. Samples were consisted of 100 comatos patients, divided into two equal groups randomly. The two groups were matched in age, geneder and glascow coma scale. Samples in experimental group received 20 minutes massage on their back, feet and hands in three continuous days. Vital signs in experimental group were measured before and immediately after intervention and vital signs in control group were measured at the same time with experimental group. A check list used was used for collecting data. Data was analyzed using descriptive and analytic statistics (T, paired T and Chi-square tests). Results: Findings showed that massage decreased vital signs significantly as followed: pulse rate and diastolic blood pressure in each three days (p<0.05), systolic blood pressure in first and third days (p<0.05), respiration rate in second day (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that massage can decrease comatos patients' vital signs which can be the indicator of their relaxation and decreasing stress.

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Introduction: One of the severe forms of affective disorders, defined in DSM-IV-TR, is bipolar disorder type1. This is a psychotic disease that coexists with structural and biochemical changes of CNS. It is probably under influence of environmental and/or genetic factors. Finger and hand prints are formed during the late first and second trimester of fetal development, and then remain unchanged. There are some suggestions that disturbance in dermatoglyphic patterns probably are in relation with appearance of bipolar disorder. It seems that this disturbance is appeared at the first and second trimester of fetal development, which is a critical period for CNS growth. This study is done to investigate the dermatoglyphic patterns in bipolar disorder. Materials and Methods: This is a case-control study in which we have studied the dermatoglyphic changes in 30 bipolar disorder patients and compared to those of 72 healthy controls. The χ2 test was used for quantitative and T-test for qualitative data analysis. Results: Results showed that TABRC in patients was decreased in comparison to healthy people but this decrease was not significant. Regarding the type of patients, fingerprints, Loop and Whorls forms were heterogenous and were significantly different in comparison to control group (p=0.001, p=0.003). Conclusion: It seems that dermatoglyphic patterns can be an interesting and probably suitable procedure in determining the prognosis of bipolar disorder type 1 and other psychiatric disorders.

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Introduction: Using one subcutaneous infiltration of Bopivacaine can cause a good pain relief in pediatric surgery, so the child may no longer need rectal Acetaminophen after surgery. In this study, we compared the efficacy of the two drugs. Materials and Methods: This was a clinical trial, performed on 141 pediatric patients between 6 months to 3 years old with unilateral or bilateral inguinal hernia or undescending testis. Patients were divided randomly into two groups. The first group received infiltration of Bopivacaine preoperatively and the second received the routine rectal Acetaminophen after surgery. In both groups pain score was measured with FPRS score 3,6,12 and 24 hours after surgery. After collecting data they were analyzed with T-student and Friedman tests. P<0/05 was considered significant. Results: Global FPRS pain score was lower in the group treated with Bupivacaine infiltration on 3 and 6 hours after surgery (p<0/05), but in 12 and 24 hours after surgery no significant difference was seen in the two groups. Conclusion: This study showed that, infiltration of Bupivacaine reduces pain better than Acetaminophen, especially during the first 6 hours after surgery. So because of better pain control and also single administration, we suggest using infiltralition of Bupivacaine preoperatively.

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Introduction: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common benign tumor in men. Due to the side effects of chemical drugs, phytotherapy has become a treatment method in BPH since 1990s. Prostatan is a plant extract widely available in Iran. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of Prostatan drop in combination with Prazosin in alleviating BPH symptoms. Materials and Methods: In a single blind randomized clinical trial , 66 men over 50 years with BPH symptoms who were visited in Vali-e-Asr hospital of Arak were randomly divided in two groups and treated with either Prostatan (40 drop,TDS) plus Prazosin (1mg, BD)or Prazosin (1mg, BD)alone . AUA symptom score, PSA (prostate-specific antigen) levels, Prostate volume, post voidal residue (PVR) by sonograms and uroflowmetry results were determined before and 12 weeks after treatment. Data was analyzed by T and Man- Whithey u tests. Results: Before treatment there were no significant differences in age, PSA, PVR, AUA symptom score, Prostate volume and uroflowmetry between the two groups. After treatment the mean of PSA levels, Prostate volume and PVR did not differ between the two groups. In the Prostatan plus Prazosin group, the mean of AUA symptom score was 3.3 less (p<0.0001) and the mean of maximal urine flow rate was 2.7 ml/s more than the Prazosin group (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Regarding results, it seems that adding Prostatan to Prazosin against Prazosin alone enhances its effects on controlling BPH symptoms and increases urine flow rates.

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Introduction: About 21 millions low birth weight infants are born throughout the world and have less surviving chance compared to death rate of infants due to other causes. The aim of this study is to determine the relation of mothers' nutrient intake in the last trimester with the delivery of low birth weight infants. Materials and Methods: This Cohort study with a 3-months follow up was carried out on all the pregnant mothers visiting health care centers in Shahrood during their third trimester. Simple sampling was done and samples included 424 subjects. One-week food record of subjects was documented biochemical and hematological tests and also anthropometric examinations were done, and demographic data were gathered. The infants’ birth weight was measured after delivery. Data was gathered by a questionnaire and analyzed using Chi square, Mann-Whitney and Leven tests and logistic regression. Results: Total number of 424 pregnant mothers was studied in accordance with their amount of energy and protein intakes, and was classified in two groups of adequate and inadequate status. It was disclosed that 75% of mothers received low energy (less than 2500 k cal) and 20% were low in protein intake (less than 60gr). Low birth weight prevalence was detected to be 13%. Among low birth weight infants 14%, 25% and 43% were attributed to mothers with low energy, low protein, and non-iron tablets intake respectively. There was a significant relationship between birth weight and iron supplementation (P=0.015), as well as multi-vitamins (P=0.048) during the last trimester of pregnancy. It was also disclosed that the probability of low birth weight infants among low weight mothers was 86%. Conclusion: According to the results there is a significant relationship between mother's nutritional status in the last trimester of pregnancy and infant's birth weight, so it is recommended that mother's weight gain especially in the third trimester and using adequate supplementations be considered.

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Introduction: Sodium arsenite is an environmental pollutant which its amounts in industrial cities are more than other places because of its use in chemical industry. Human populations are exposed to this chemical compound through food, soil, air and water which has toxic and histopathological effects on different body organs including kidney. The aim of this investigation is to study the quantitative histopathological effects of sodium arsenite on the kidney structure of rats. Materials and Methods: 12 male Wistar rats with mean body weight of 200±20 g were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=6). One treated with sodium arsenite (8 mg/kg/day in drinking water) and the other one (the control group) received drinking water only. 2 months after treatment the rats were weighed, anesthetized with ether and dissected. The left kidney was taken out, cleaned, weighed and then fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution. After obtaining 1mm thick slices, tissue processing was carried out, then 5µm thick sections were prepared and stained using H&E method. Slides were finally studied stereologically and data was statistically analyzed using paired sampled t-test and the means were considered significantly different at p<0.05. Results: The results of this investigation indicated significant reduction in the total mean volume of kidney (p<0.001), cortex (p<0.001), and medulla (p<0.003) in sodium arsenite treated group compared to the control rats. The mean volume of tubules and interstitial tissue as components of cortex reduced significantly compared to the control group (p<0.003).The mean volume of glomeruli and Bowman's capsule was significantly reduced in treated group (p<0.001), while the other components did not show a significant reduction in volume. A significant reduction was also found in the kidney (p<0.002) and the body weight (p<0. 01) in the treated group compared to the control ones at the end of the experiment. Conclusion: It was concluded that exposure to sodium arsenite leads to histopathological changes in kidney structure, however more studies are needed to determine the effects of these structural changes on the kidney function.

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Introduction: Cataract is a type of tarnish observable opacity in different layers constituting the lens and will cause light occlusion or scattering. Necessity for treatment of Cataract via surgery and its close relation with corneal astigmatism, when we applied a new method in cutting and type of cataract surgery, led us to measure the post-operation corneal astigmatism changes in frown incision Phacosection. Materials and Methods: This interventional study has been done on 73 eyes(58 patients). These patients were gone under Cataract surgery via no stitch frown incision scleral tunnel phacosection method. In this study we have 7mm external scleral incision with no suture. They were Keratometerized in four separate periods including pre-operation, one week, one month and three months post- operation. Data was analyzed using independent and paired t-tests. Results: Age, sex and left or right eye had no influence on astigmatism. Mean pre- operation astigmatism was 0.84 ± 0.87D, mean astigmatism 1 week post- operation was 0.27 ± 0.88 D, 1 month post- operation 0.06 ± 0.82 D, and three months post-operation was -0.03 ± 0.85 D (P= 0.0001). Before operation, 80% of the patients did have an astigmatism rate less than 1D that increased to 94.5% in three months period after operation and in 89% of the cases, the ultimate change in astigmatism has been found lower than 1D. The obtained information revealed that there is a meaningful difference between pre-operation astigmatism and the same after one week, one month and three months post-operation(P= 0.0001). Independent sample t and paired t-test were used to analyse data. Conclusion: Our study indicated that the no stitch frown incision scleral tunnel phacosection surgery can reduce pre-op corneal astigmatism, and because of induction of the slight controlled astigmatism we can apply this technique for all cataractic patients

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Introduction: Based on statistical and epidemiological studies, cancer is the third most common cause of death after heart diseases and accidents, therefore planning to control cancer is essential for public health. Cancer registration is an important part of cancer control, and the collected data could be useful in etiological studies, and health programming to prevent and treat the disease. In this study cancer incidence and cancer registration in Markazi province investigated. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, data related to cancer were collected from the health center of Markazi province, from 2001 to 2006. Then the prevalence and incidence of different kind of cancer were determined. Results: Results showed that the top ten cancers among women were: 1-Breast 2-Skin 3-Stomach 4-Colorectal 5-Lung 6-Uterus 7-Bladder 8-Lymphoma 9-Thyroid 10-Esophagus, and the ten most prevalent cancers among men were: 1-Skin 2-Bladder 3-Stomach 4-Lung 5-Prostate 6-Colon and Colorectal 7-Esophagus 8-Lymphoma 9-Testese 10-Gall bladder. Conclusion: In this investigation we also compared cancer incidence and distribution in Markazi province with national rates and our results showed that in some years, cancer statistics is different from national statistics which it may be due to different environmental and epidemiological factors.

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Background: One of the best examples of epimorphic regeneration in the mammals is the formation of new tissues formed from blastema in holes punched in the ears of rabbits. The aim of this research is to investigate speed and percentage of regeneration in different geometrical shaped holes and different regions of rabbit's ear. Methods and Materials: In this experimental research different region of rabbit's ear (proximal, medial and distal) were punched as different geometrical shaped holes (circlc, quadrangle and triangle) with the same area (50 mm2) Ubyg a puncher which designed for this purpose. The regeneration of wounds was evaluated and the percentage of regeneration was calculated. After punching, each 3 days (36-40 days). Results: Results showed speed and percentage of regeneration in circular holes was significantly (P<0.05) more than quadrangular and triangular holes. In addition, regeneration speed of holes located in proximal regions of ear, was more than peripheral holes. Conclusion: Wound regeneration in rabbit's ear is related to the geometrical shape of holes. Speed and the percentage of regeneration in circular shapes is more than angular shapes.

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Background: Post operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a very common and distressing complication after surgeries which may result in more serious problems such as incisional hernia wound dehiscence and aspiration. Cataract surgery following increase in intraocular pressure is sensitive to POVN. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of capsicum ointment on Korean acupressure points in reducing PONV and the amont of anti- emetic medications was used. Methods and Materials: This study is a double-blinded clinical trial which was done on 200 patients who were referred to Amir Kabir hospital for cataract surgery. The patients were randomized assigned to two groups, one who received capsicum ointment and the other placebo (vaseline ointment) at the pressure points (K-K9 and K-KD2). After applying the ointments and during the first 12 hours after the operation the patients were assessed for the incidence and intensity of PONV. Results: The incidence of nausea and vomiting during the first 6 and 12 hours was higher in the placebo group in compare to the capsicum group (p=0.001). Nausea scores were also higher in the 6 and 12 hours in the placebo group (p=0.0005). Uses of metoclopramide was significant higher in the placebo group in compare to the capsicum group (p=0.001). There was no significant difference between the two groups for vomiting during first 12 hours ofter opration. Conclusion: Stimulating of both K-D2 & K-K9 Korean acupressure points simultaneously is a simple, noninvasive, cheap and effective method for reducing PONV.