Showing 318 results for Ahi
Mohammad Hassan Davami , Fatemeh Fatahi Bayat,
Volume 1, Issue 5 (Winter 1997)
Abstract
Hydatidosis is one of the most important infectious diseases which is mainly in the animal husbandby area such as Iran. The disease is caused by a worm called Echinococcus granlosus. Surgery seems to be the only treatment From medicine, psychology and economy points of view, study about the spreading and intensity of this disease in each area is necessary. In this study, 250 patients with hydatidosis under surgical treatment were studied. All these patients were residing in surgical sections of various hospitals in Markazi Province during 1991 to 1997. Only 143 patients had full hospital data. Different demographic factors such as sex, age, location, occupation, affected organ and course of treatment were considered. Among them 83% were female and 39.16% were male. The minimum and maximum age of patients were 7 and 79 years old, respectively. The most affected age groups were between 49-10 years old. The majority of patients were living in Arak. Among the patients, 62.26% were living in cities and 87.76% were living in villages and 51.04% of cases were housewives. Liver with 49.18% of cases was considered as second affected organ (M:26.44% , F:42.5% ). Lung with 16.26% was considered as the most affected organ (M:57.6% , F:42.5%). The mean duration for treatment was 12.83%.
Vahid Goharian , Leila Moghareabed, Homeyra Fazelniya ,
Volume 1, Issue 5 (Winter 1997)
Abstract
Introduction: Cesarean section is the most common surgery in obstetric department and the most common causes are subsequently dystocia, repeated cesarean section, breech presentation and fetal distress .Cesarean section surgery has many complications and decrease in the rate of cesarean section can direct to safe delivery. In this study we researched to determine cesarean rate and its causes in Markazi Province for planning to give safe delivery.
Method: In this descriptive study, all mothers that delivered during the time of research (20 days) in all centers of delivery in Markazi Province were evaluated We investigated the mothers age, delivery, type of delivery location of delivery and etiology of cesarean.
Results: The study has investigated 721 mothers with the mean age of 25.5 cesarean section rate was 29.3% .The most common causes of cesarean section were subsequency distotia (33%), repeated cesarean section (24.17%) and fetal distress (10.9%) .The rate of cesarean section in private centers (74%) was more than university centers.(26%)
Discussion: The rate of cesarean section in Markazi province is more than other countries(29.3% to 22.7%) . Distocia and repeated cesarean are the most causes but fetal distress is the third etiology to fourth etiology in other studies. This study also shows the effect of socioeconomic status in increasing the cesarean section rate.
Abdolrahim Sadeghi , Hosein Mozdarani ,
Volume 2, Issue 7 (Summer 1999)
Abstract
This research is performed to assess clastogenic capacity of cimetidine(CT) against clastogenic effect induced by benzene in terms of micronuclei. For this purpose micronuclei assay method was used. In each experimental group m 5 Balb /C mices was used. 24 hours after i. p .injections slides was prepared from bone marrow and frequency of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) and normochromatic erythrocytes (NCEs) was obtained. Results indicated that CT at therapeutic dose (20mg/kg. b. w) can be reduce genetical damages (micronuclei) due to benzene (1010mg/Kb. B. w) with a dose- related manner (p<0.01, = -0.82). Therefore , our results indicated that CT has anticlastogenic capacity. According to above results and relatively long term use of CT, we suggest using it in the cases in which someone exposed to clastogenic agents such as benzene, especially when someone also suffer from diseases such as peptic ulcer.
Vahid Goharian, Mohammad Sadegh Rajaei, Saeid Sadrnia,
Volume 2, Issue 7 (Summer 1999)
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determining the prevalence of cigarette smoking and the causes of initiation in boy students of medical science in Arak university. Declining of smoking depends to recognizing risk factors specially in young age group and the results of this study use to evaluate the plans. This descriptive study was done with convenience sampling and studied all boy medical students in Arak university with self-administered questionaires in 77-78 curiculum. This survey instrument contained age, course of study, passed semesters, smoking bahaviour family history, praying and living site .The smoker also answered to question about time of initiation, mean of cost family information and the number who giving up the habit of smikong. 98.7% (n=475) of students with mean of age 23.06 years answered to question 34.3% had smoking bahaviour. The prevalence of smoking was the lowest among those who were married and negative family history. The prevalence of smoking in students who prayed was 1.4 of others. The most common cause of initiation were being resident with friends, stress life and initiation. Lowering we must improve the "NAMAZ" task and marriage accompaniment with lowering stress life and teaching for friend selecting and determining a suitable pattern for students in Arak university.
Zarganj Fard, Pouran Hashemi , Masoume Falahian,
Volume 2, Issue 8 (Autumn 1999)
Abstract
One of the most critical problems in the world is control of population. Usage of DMPA (Depo Medroxy Progestrone Acetate) is one effective method for contraception. This study was done on 55 patients in Imam Hossein Hospital of Tehran. The interval of injections of DMPA were 3 months and the dosage of this hormone was 150 grams; In this research the side effect of DMPA on the compliance of patients the cause of discontinuation of DMPA were assessed. 18 number of patients has received 4 and 17 number of them had received only 1 injection. The age of majority of them were over 30 years and 34 of them had one or two children. 88% of these women had menstrural abnormalities and the most problem was amenorrhea. The majority of women in this study had weight gain ( mean 6.9Kg). Hypertension was not side effect of DMPA. The most common complaints of our patients were menstrural abnormalities, headache and nervousness. The most common cause of discontinuation of DMPA was menstrural problems especially amenorrhea. One case of pregnancy has occurred between 55 patients in this study.
Shahin Ghasemi, Ali Chehreii, Ali Moghimi, Ali Ehsanabadi, Alireza Biganeh,
Volume 3, Issue 3 (Autumn 2000)
Abstract
Introduction: Meningitis is the inflamination of leptomeninges caused by the infectious and non infectious agents. The most common kinds of infectious meningitis include bacterial. Viral, fungal and mycobacterial meningitis. The three types of infectious meningitis are acute bacterial meningitis, aseptic meningitis and subacute to chronic meningitis which can be differentiated on the basis of CSF findings. Three fourth of the acute bacterial meningitis involve the persons below 15 years old. The etiologist cause of acute bacterial meningitis differs in various age groups. The most reliable criteria in diagnosis are laboratory and clinical findings. The permanent neurologic damages are the main complications that remain forever. Prognosis and mortality rate of meningitis depends on various factors , among which the main factors is the early diagnosis.
Methods and Cases: This is a cross-sectional study performed on 240 patients with meningitis in FIROOZABADi HOSPITAL from 1996 to 1998. Demographic information, about clinical and laboratorial findings have been collected.
Results: The male to female preponderance was 1:3. 81.3% patients had a previous history of headache, 94.4% had fever and 27.1% have defferent states of reduced alertness. 56.2% persons were diagnosed as having viral meningitis, 37% as bacterial meningitis and 6.8% as T.B. meningitis. The cases diagnosed with bacterial meningitis were influenced by the following bacteria in order: Pneumococus (44.9%), Meningococcus(26.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (12.2%), gram negative bacilli (10.3%) and Haemophilus influenza (6.1%). In 2.4% of cases CSF smear and culture were negative. The mortality rate among the patients was 8% and 8% of them developed consequences. The means of ESR duration had significant difference among various groups with different etiologies.
Discussion: In attention rate of similar studies in England and French were 24.2% and 56%. In attention to high prevalence of meningitis in our country, further greater complementary studies see to be necessary.
Jamal Fellahati , Hamidreza Nikbin, Mohsen Ebrahimi , Mitra Frotan,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (Spring 2001)
Abstract
Cataract is one of the important diseases in childhood that can be classified in two main groups: Congenital & Acquired. There hasn’t been any exact idea about the prevalence of this disease in childhood yet. On the other hand it has been very important to diagnose the disease before the age 6 years old. So that preventing from the adverse effects. We tried to perform our plan in the students of the primary schools in the city of Arak. The study was descriptive observational and cross-sectional. Total numbers of the students of the primary schools in Arak were 58557. We selected 7668 students (3972 boys & 3696 girls). 10 students (7 boys & 3 girls) had cataract. As a result the total prevalence of the cataract among the students of the primary schools in the city of Arak in spring (1376) was 0.13%.
Mozhgan Hashemieh , Gholamali Fatahi Bayat,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (Spring 2001)
Abstract
Neonatal sepsis is one of the most important disease in the newborn period that can lead to many complications and even death. This study is a descriptive study which was done on neonataes who admitted in neonatal and NICU wards of Amir-Kabir and Taleghani Hospitals in Arak City from March 1999 to March 2000. The number of cases in this study were 500 and all of them were evaluated and sepsis work up were done. The frequency of neonatal sepsis in male neonates was more than female neonates and M/F ratio was 1.4. The ratio of neonatal sepsis in premature neonates to term neonates was 1.5. The ratio of sepsis neonatal in L.B.W neonates to normal neonates was 1.4. The most common clinical manifestation of neonatal sepsis in this study was poor feeding. 75% of patients had early-onset sepsis and 25% of patients had late-onset sepsis. In our study from 474 neonates, blood culture in 25 cases were positive. The most common microorganisms were non fermentative gram negative bacilli (32%) and Klebsiella (28%). 24 neonates had positive urine culture and the most common etiologic agent was Klebsiella. Leukocytosis and anemia were detected in 31.2% and 17.95% of our patients. The mortality rate in these neonates were 18.4%.
Gholam Ali Fatahi Bayat, Sousan Marefati,
Volume 4, Issue 2 (Summer 2001)
Abstract
Nocturnal enuresis (NE) is a psychosocial problem for children and parents. The incidence of Ne is 20% in 5 years old children. Since no single etiology is found for disorder, various therapeutic modalities have been used. None of which could cure enuresis entirely. Two types of treatment are considered: Pharamacologic & nonpharmacologic. A prospective experimental study in the level of clinical trial in 98 children aged 5-15 years who have NE underwent for 1 month of therapy with imiperamine in 49 and desmopressin in 49 no. of patient treated with imiperamine 36 children have complete response (73%) (all dry bed), at the 3 months follow up 20 children have recurrence. Ammong patients treated with dessmopressin, 31 children have complete response (63%). Recueernce rate after 3 months is 17 cases. Our results didn’t indicate any statistical difference between imipramine & desmopressin in the treatment of N.E. Imipramine is more complicated than desmopressin so that desmppressin is preferred.
Abdolrahim Sadeghi, Hamidreza Rozati, Minou Golestani, Azadeh Moshtagh, Mozhgan Sadeghi , Zoreh Sari,
Volume 4, Issue 2 (Summer 2001)
Abstract
About 3-5 percent of population suffer from mental retardation (MR) mildly to severely. One of the most common causes of Mr is chromosomal aberrations. In this research, Chromosmal study was performed for 100 Mental Retarders (MRS) by G-banding Method. 100 MRS were suffering from downs syndromes: 21 cases with 21 free Trisomy, 1 case chromosomal mosaism and residual case had Robertsonian traslocation 14; 21 also chromosomal mosaism. Other 8 MRS had be structural aberrations in chromosmals such as inversion (3 cases), partial trisomy (1 case), ring 22 chromosme (1 case) and breakages in different chromosmes (3 cases). The results showed that chromosomal aberrations are frequent between Mental Retarderes and the most common chromosomal aberrations occure between MRS is 21 free trisomy.
Jamshid Ayatolahi,
Volume 4, Issue 3 (Autumn 2001)
Abstract
Introduction: Amebiasis, Caused by Entamoeba histolytica. Is one of the three most common prevalent parasites that causes mortality.
Material and Method: This clinical trial was carried out among 45 patients suffering from acute enteric amebiasis. Each patient receives 750 mg metronidazole and 630 mg iodoquinol every eight hours for one week, the following results were obtained.
Results: All of the patients were completely treated at the end of two weeks and did not have any sign of the diseases. Also two weeks after cessation of therapy, stool test for entamobea histolytica (cyst and trophozoite) was negative in all of patients.
Conclusion: It seems by further research, we can decrease does of medications and duration treatment in these patients.
Mandana Yadollahi, Mostafa Saadat, Shapor Omidvari, Iraj Saadat,
Volume 4, Issue 4 (Winter 2001)
Abstract
Introduction: Glutatathion s-transferases (GST) are enzyme encoded by a multigene family and have important roles in detoxification of some strong carcinogens. Human GSTs are categorized into four groups. Namely π، μ، α، θ GSTM! Is a member of GST m previous studies revealed that absence of GSTM1 protein associates with increased risk of development of several malignancies.
Material and Method: In the current study, the relationship between GSTM1 genetic polymorphism and the susceptibility for being involved by gastric carcinoma was explored. Forthy patients with gastric carcinoma and 80 normal individuals (control group) were studied. GSTM1 genetic polymorphism between exons 5 and 6 was explored using a PCR technique. For each patient a questionair including gender, age, cigarette smoking, habit, and history of neoplasia in first-degree relatives was completed.
Results: The relative frequencies of null genotype in the control group and gastric cancer were 31.25 and 60% respectively. There was a statistically significant (x2=9.21; p<0.05) assessment between GSTM! Null genotype and development of gastric carcinoma.
Conclusion: Not mentioning the GSTM1 genotype, cigarette smoking and a positive family history had significant correlations with development of stomach malignancy.
Saeed Changizi Ashtiani, Saeed Khameneh , Nahid Ghandechilar,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (Summer 2002)
Abstract
Introduction: The off response of baroreflex is mostly ignored by recent studies. In the present study we aimed at assessing this during rest, and isometric and dynamic exercise.
Materials and Methods: 12 young male subjects volunteered the study. Using an Eckberg neck suction device each subject received a brief (10 sec). about of sustained stimulus with -50 mm Hg pressure in the neck chamber. The workload incorporated was 100w for dynamic and 50% of maximal effort for isometric exercise. Electrocardiogram was recorded on line R-R intervals were assessed beat and responsed cardiac response. This was significant at all three states.
Results: on the average, the peak off-response tachycardia occurred earlier (3rd sec). in exercise tests as compared with that of rest (5th sec). the intensity of tachycardia was more prominent at rest, isometric exercise, and dynamic exercise, respectively and the difference between rest and dynamic exercise gained significance (p<0.01).
Conclusion: The attenuation of so called post vagal tachycardia during exercise is in accordance with the assumed reduction of vagal tone during exercise.
Khadijeh Arjmandi Rafsanjani, Ali Chehrei, Majid Chalian, Shayan Shojaei, Ali Fahimi, Pedram Golnary,
Volume 5, Issue 3 (Autumn 2002)
Abstract
Introduction: Wilms' tumor is the most common malignant and primary renal tumor in children. Studies, which have been done in some countries, have introduced numerous factors such as age of incidence, stage, lymphadenopathy, histopathology and etc. Effective in the survival rate of this tumor according to the importance of this tumor in children, we decided to perform a study about the survival rate of Wilms' tumor and the effective factors on it.
Materials and methods: This is an analytic study on 128 patients affected with Wilms' tumor whom referred to the oncology ward of Hazrat-e-Ali Asghar Hospital between 1977 and 2001. In addition to the current status of the patients, demographic characteristics, signs and symptoms, laboratory studies at the time of diagnosis and the stage of the disease were recorded and ultimately survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier procedure and life table. Cox Regression was used to determine the effective factors.
Results: The mean survival rate was 82.99 months. The number of patients was equal in both genders (64 patients in each gender) and the survival average did not have any significant statistical relationship with gender (power=%92.4). Most of the tumors were in stage 3 at the time of diagnosis. The survival of the patients was reducing significantly with the progression of the stage of tumor (P=0.002). The existence of metastasis (P=0.000, odds ratio=0.207), splenomegaly (P=0.018, odds ratio=0.336), and recurrent (P=0.037, odds ratio=0.184), were significantly reducing the survival of the patient. To determine the severity of effective factors on the survival rate of the patients Cox Regression Method was used in which, absence of metastasis and positive blood group were from well-prognosis predictive factors in these patients.
Conclusion: 5-year survival rate of the patients was 63.28% in this study. Which was lower in comparison with the results of other studies in other countries. This can be the result of delay in consulting with medical centers, the diagnosis method and or the Referral State of this center. Recent studies have shown that age and tumor size has minimal values in the prognosis of the patients due to improvement in the quality of treatment and our study support this idea. Genetic factors will probably be used in determining the survival of these patients and also in thcir treatment.
Abdolrahman Dezfulian, Hayat Mombini, Shahla Zahiri, Farzaneh Dehgani , Abdolkarim Mansuri ,
Volume 5, Issue 4 (Winter 2002)
Abstract
Introduction: Cisplatin is a drug widely used as an antineoplastic drug for treatment of malignant tumors. But because of its side effects on the different systems especially kidney (nephrotoxic), the use of this drug is very limited. Clinical as well as, laboratory animal studies have supported this observations. In this research study we have used stereological technique (3-D) for finding the changes, due to nephrotoxic effect of this drug, in the number of glomeruli in kidney (numerical density and total number).
Materials and Methods: For experimental, 30 rats were separated by random sampling in to 3 groups of 10 animals cache. The first group received acute dose (7.5 mg/kg) of the drug (cisplatin) in serum physiology (experimental group). The second group received equivalent placebo dose in serum physiology through peritoneum (control). The third group received chronic dose (1.25 mg/kg) for 5 days, in serum physiology. All the 30 animals, after 96 hours, were anesthetized, dissected and their right kidneys were removed and placed in fixative (10% formalin). Whole kidney specimens were processed for stereology by special method of sectioning for physical disector and glomeruli number were counted.
Results: Number of glumeroli and numerical density was estimated for experimental groups (control, acute and chronic) was 31707, 30415 and 30802 as well 162, 119, and 140 respectively.
Conclusion: Stereological methods could be very useful for investigation of chemical drug effects in organs with good validity.
Mohammad Rafiee, Mohammad Taghi Ayatollahi,
Volume 5, Issue 4 (Winter 2002)
Abstract
Introduction: Patient hospitalization rate (P.H.R) is an important issue in health decision making because its increasing can imposes abundant expenditure on each patient or therapeutic or health systems like assurance companies. Moreover, it can increase the danger of nosocomial infections. So, description, examinating and modelling of P.H.R. can be as a guideline for above subjects and as an introduction would lead one to study the issue with insight.
Materials and Methods: For determining of P.H.R., Iwo samples of size 1428 and 816 of patients were chosen systematic randomly from Vali-Asr and Ta'min-Ejtemai hospitals, respectively during the year of 2002. Hospitalization rate, age, sex, location of birth place and residence place of patients recorded. Mixed distributions modelling and Poisson regression models as well as ordinary regression methods were applied to analyze and modelling the data.
Results: Means of P.H.R of patients at Vali-Asr hospital was 4.1±5.4 days. Two component Poisson was a relatively appropriate model was a very relevant model for analyzing of their P.H.R. By using mixed Poisson regression method a significant relationship among patient's age, marriage status and location of life with P.H.R was obtained. Findings in Ta'min-Ejtemai showed that the mean of P.H.R was 4.7±3.2 days. One component Poisson model was appropriate model for data distribution. A significant relationship among age, sex, location of life with P.H.R in this hospital was seen.
Conclusion: Our findings showed that P.H.R in Vali-Asr hospital follows two component Poisson model. For Vali-Asr data, the normal model was not appropriate even with changing the statistics variables, but for P.H.R data of Ta'min-Ejtemai, changing the logarithmic variable could transform data into approximate of normal model. Finally, comparison between mixed distribution Poisson model and acquired regression with simple linear regression in Val-Asr hospital presented different results, but in Ta'min-Ejtemai hospital had similar results.
Mohtaram Nasrollahi , Mahdi Sharif, Ali Reza Khalilian,
Volume 6, Issue 1 (Spring 2003)
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of pneumococcal infections, to determine penicillin and ceftriaxone susceptibility pattern among Streprococcus pneumoniae and to evaluate the risk factors of acquisition of pneumococcal infections in patients of Sari hospitals.
Materials and Methods: In this prospective study during one year (2002-2003), all patients admitted with pneumococcal infections in teaching and non-teaching hospitals were included. Diagnosis of pneumococcal infection was performed based on positive microbiological and appropriate clinical and standard laboratory findings. MICs of penicillin and ceftriaxone were determined by Agar dilution method and interpreted by NCCLS methodology. For statistically analysis Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used and P<0.05 was defined statistically significant.
Results: Seventy five episodes of pneumococcal infections among 32 pediatric patients and 43 adults were identified. The pattern of Streprococcus pneumoniae infections were similar between children and adults, and the most common infections were pneumonia (65.3%) and bacteremia (24%). The rate of penicillin and ceftriaxone nonsusceptible Streprococcus pneumoniae isolated from pediatric patients was higher than that in adult patients (93.8% versus 53.4%, P<0.01). This finding was correlated to prior penicillin use that was more common in children (37.5%) than in adults (7%). P=0,001. The susceptibility pattern of Streprococcus pneumoniae to penicillin and ceftriaxone isolated form pediatric patients and adults was different (6.2% from children, 46.6% in adults, P=0.0009). Eighty four percent of adults and 6.2% of pediatric patients had major underlying diseases (P<0.0001). This findings explain why adult patients tended to run higher mortality (30.2%) than children (6.8%).
Conclusion: This survey emphasis on vaccination of young children and elderly with major underlying diseases to prevent pneumococcal infections.
Abdolrahman Dezfoulian, Farzaneh Dehghani , Mohammad Reza Panjeh-Shahin , Ziaodin Tabei, Hayat Mombini ,
Volume 6, Issue 2 (Summer 2003)
Abstract
Introduction: Coffee is a diuretic plant, cause vascular expansion and reduce free radical oxygen. There is evidence that show its effects on kidney. Low dose of coffee reduces blood urea and cratinine but its overdose may lead to glomeruloschelrosis. In this study, the effect of high dose of coffee on rat kidney was evaluated by stereological method.
Materials and Methods: In an experimental study, 48 Sprgue-Dawley rats 230-250 gr were selected and divided randomly into 4 groups. The control group was fed with only tap water and the experimental groups were fed with different doses of aqueous extracts of coffee (0.25, 0.5, 0.125 gr/kg) twice daily. After 48 hours, the animals were deeply anesthetized and right kidneys were removed. The Sum slides were prepared and stained with Hematoxyline. Eosin. From each kidney, 15-17 glomeruli were selected and means of glumerular volume were estimated, according to Cavalieri principle and point counting methods.
Results: Our findings revealed that low dose of coffee extraction were led to increase in glomerular volume, but higher doses decreased these volumes. These results were significantly different form control group (p<0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that decrease in glomerular volume leads glomeruloschlorosis and reduction of glomerular filtration rate. However, there should be more investigation such as urea and cratinine measurement to calrify the exact mechanisms.
Akram Ranjbar, Parvin Pasalar, Ali Reza Sedighi , Mohammad Abdollahi , Jamileh Danesh-Nia ,
Volume 6, Issue 2 (Summer 2003)
Abstract
Introduction: Production of free radicals and reactive oxygen species is an integral part of aerobic metabolism. Disturbance of the balance between the production of free radicals and antioxidant system against them produces oxidative stress. Paraquat toxicity is induction of oxidative stress. However, the aim of our study was to evaluate oxidative stress in blood samples of workers in a pesticide factory formulating paraquat.
Materials and Methods: In this study we measured lipid peroxidation (LPO) with thiobarbituric assay (TBARS), total antioxident power (FRAP) and SH groups between workers in pesticide factories (case group) and health subjects (control group).
Results: Oxidative stress was significantly higher (p<0.001) in LPO, significantly lower (p<0.001) in TBARS and significantly lower (p<0.001) in SH groups in the case group compared to control group
Conclusion: It is concluded that chronic exposure of workers in their workplace to paraquat producess oxidative stress that could be prevented by well known nutritional antioxidant supplements.
Zahra Eftekhari, Ali Asadollahi,
Volume 6, Issue 3 (Autumn 2003)
Abstract
Introduction: Previous studies indicated that children, who acquired conversation concept, produce adjectives better than other mental retarded.
Other studies showed that Down syndrome children have lower linguistic abilities than other mental retarded children. The main goal of this research was to study the effects of Down syndrome on production of semantic skills.
Materials and' Methods: This analytic cross-sectional study was conducted on girls who studied in exceptional primary schools of Semnan city.
Samples were chosen systenlaticaly. At first, 38 Down syndrome girls, who were monolingual and with no sign of sensory and motor deficits, were selected.
Then, 37 mental retarded girls (non-Down syndrome), that mental retardation had no specific ethiology, were matched on date of birth, educational level, failuer in previous classes, parent's job and education. These 75 pupils participated in operative tests and those who were able to comprehend the concept of conversation were examined by Raven Colourd Progressive Matrices. At final stage, 30 educable girls were participated in production test.
Results: Our findings showed that:
1. The production of nominal and superlative adjectives were equivalent between two groups, but Down syndromes had lower ability in production of comparatives;
2. The simplisity of adjectives were as fallow: nominal> comparative> superlative, and big-small> tall-short> thick-thief> wide-narrow.
3. There were few samples able to produce superlatives.
Conclusion: This investigation revealed that girls suffering from Down syndrome have lower ability on production of semantic skills.
