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Introduction: Glucose Six Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) catalyses the first step in pantose phosphate pathway to produce NADPH. NADPH plays an important role in oxidation and reduction of hemoglobine and reduces H202 level. However, in absence of G6PD, NADPH also will be decreased, as a result of severe defect in function of red blood cells occurred. So we decided to survey is prevalence in our region by studying on the umbilical cord blood. Material and Methods: Our study were descriptive-analytic and samples were gathered by Simple Sampling Method. EDTA was used as an anticoagulant. Enzyme activity was measured with the method of Fluorescent spot Test (FST). Chi-Square and logestic regression were used to analyses the data and P<0.05 was considered as significant. Result: From a total of 2160 neonates, 1103 case (51.1%) were male and 1057 case (48.9%) were female. 3.5% of the males and 0.8% of females and over all 2.2% of the neonates were G6PD deficient. Due to chi-square analyses and logestic regression, positive RH increases the risk by 1.6 as compare to negative RH. However we could not find any significant relationship between blood groups and prevalence of G6PD. Conclusion: As our results showed, the G6PD deficiency is more common in male than female. Relation between positive RH and G6PD deficiency were significantly increased. Prevalence of G6PD in Arak City showed 2.2% which is lower than that of north our country (8.7%) as well as lower than other part of the world (10-14.9%). We suggest using the screening umbilical cord blood test on the neonates to diagnose the G6PD deficiency and to promote the primary health care quality and public as well as reduction the social and economical problem of the society.

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Introduction:  Oxydative  stress may  cause  preterm  labor.  Antioxidants  found  in  fruit  and  vegetable  prevent  the  oxidative  stress  reaction.  In  this  study  we  intend  to  answer  the  question: Is  any  correlation  between  preterm  delivery  and  use  of  fruit  and  vegetable  before  and  during  pregnancy?
Materials  and  Methods:  It  is  a  case  control  study  in  which  43  women  with  preterm  delivery  and  86  women  with  term  delivery  who  delivered  in  Arak  maternity  hospital  were  selected  randomly. (sample  size  was  calculated  with  α=5%, β=20%). The  two  groups  were  matched  for  socioeconomic  status, maternal  age , gravid  and  vitamin  supplement  consumption.  Data  was  collected  with  a  questionnaire  that  includes  demographic information, and  use  of  fruit  and  vegetable (proportion  in  week )  during  the  three  month before  and  second  trimester  in  pregnancy.  SPSS software  and  K-S, t (pooled), Mann-Whitney, Chi  square  and  logistic  regression  were  used  to  analyze  the  data.
Results: This  study  showed  that  the  mean  use  of  fruit  and  vegetable  consumption  calculated  during  the  three  month  time  before  pregnancy  was  20.64±2.48  in control  group  and  32.23±1.52  in  case  group  and  the  relationship  was  significant  (p<0.00001)  and  the mean.
Use  during  the  second  trimester  was  21.84±4.75  and  34.84±5.58  in  case  and  control  groups  respectively  that  was  significant  (p<0.00001). Accuracy, sensitivity  and  specificity  of  regression  model  were  90%, 87% and  91/9%  respectively.
Conclusion: This  study  showed  that  fruit  and  vegetable  consumption  is  related  to  the  decreased  incidence  of  preterm  labor. Based on  our  model, preterm  labor  can  be  prevented  and  predicted  with  enough  consumption  of  fruit  and  vegetables.
 

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Introduction: Glycosylated  hemoglobin  gives  an  average  plasma  glucose  level  over  the  past  two  to  three  months  period.  Diabetes  is  one  of  the  most  important  causes  of  mortality  and  morbidity  in  the  old  ages, that  usually  due to  its  slow  progress, patients  do  not  pay  attention  to  the  disease. Early  diagnosis  can  decrease many  complications. This  investigation  is  carried  out  with  the  aim  of  comparison  results  of  FBs, GTT  and  HbA1c  especially  in  persons  with  impaired  dfasting  glucose.
Materials  and  Methods: Our  study  is  a  cross  sectional  analytical  study. 81  persons, 40  to  65  years  old, without  any  history  of  diabetes, with  FBs  103  to  140 mg/dl  were  selected  according  to  convenience  sampling  method. FBS, GTT  and  HbA1c  tests  were  done  for  all  samples. Sensitivity, specially, positive  predict  value  and  negative  predict  value  of  tests  were  determined.
Results: In  this  study  comparison  of  HbA1c  with  FBS  showed  100%  sensitivity  and  12.5%  specificity  with  positive  predict  value  of 82%  and  negative  predict  value  of  62.7%. In  comparison  of  HbA1c  with GTT, we  observed  100%  sensitivity  and  63%  specificity  with  positive  oredict  value  of  6.3%  and  negative predict  value  of  100%. In  other part  of  this  investigation  in  comparison  of  FBS  with  GTT, 9.7%  sensitivity  and  100%  specificity  and  positive  predict  value  of  100%  and  negative  predict  value  of  18.8%  was  reported.
Conclusion: According  to  results  of  the  present  study, due  to  very  high  sensitivity  and  significant  positive  predict  value  of  HbA1c  as  compared  to  FBS, HbA1c  measurement  seems  to  be  a  good  test  in  screening  and  diagnosis  of  diabetes.
Therefore, in  impaired  fasting  glucose, we  recommend  measurement  of  both  HbA1c  and  FBS. Also  HbA1c  can  be  used  as  a  good  replacement  test  for  GTT  in  person  with  impaired  fasting  glucose. 

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Introduction: Sex  ratio  is  referred  to  male, female  ration which  is  usually  1.06. This  ratio  is  decreased  during  the  last  few  years. One of  its  reasons  seems  to  be  poisons  and  environmental  pollutions  such  as  cigarette  smoke.  In  this  investigation  we  studied  the relationship  between  fathers  cigarette  smoking  and  sex  ratio  in  children.
Materials  and  Methods: This  is  a  historical  cohort  study.  Study  population  were  neonates  born  in  Arak  hospitals  during  summer  and  autumn  1383.  Sample  size  was  determined  710  neonates, based  on α=5%, β=10%. Sampling  method  was  census  in  which  all  newborns  with  inclusion  criteria  were  selected  and  questionnaires  were  filled. Samples  were  divided  into  three  groups. 1-newborns  with  nonsmoker  fathers  2- newborns  with  smoker  fathers (less  than  20 cigarette  a day) 3- newborns  with  smoker  fathers  (20  or  more cigarettes  a  day) (fathers  cigarette  smoking  at  least  3  months  before  conception  in  second  and third  group). Newborns  sex  ratio  was  determined  in  each  group  and  caparisoned. Data  analysis  was  done  by  frequency, ratio, mean  and  standard  deviation  indexes  and  k-s, leven, t, mann-whitney, chi  square  tests  and  relative  risk, using  SPSS  software. At  all  stages  study  Helsinki  declaration  was  regarded.
Results:  Overall  sex  ratio  was  1.04. This  ratio  was  1.272  for neonates  with  nonsmoker  fathers  and  0.77  for  neonates  with  smoker  fathers. Also  sex  ratio  in  newborns  with  smoker  fathers  using  less  than  20  cigarettes a  day  was  0.846  and  for  those  with  fathers  using 20  or  more  was  0.60. Based on  chi  square  there  was  a  meaningful  relationship  between  the  three  groups (p<0.00001). Relative  risk  in  low  cigarette  group  was  1.23  and  in  high  cigarette  group  1.42.
Conclusion: Based  on  findings  it  seems  that  fathers  cigarette  smoking  near  conception  results  in  decreasing  sex  ratio  and  the  increased  use  of  cigarettes  the  decreased  born of  male  neonates. 
 

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Introduction: Acute  renal  failure (ARF)  is  one  of  the  relatively  incident  complications  in  surgical  emergency  wards  and  is  defined  as  increasing  serum urea  and  creatinine   and  decreasing  GRF. In  this  study  we  investigated  acute  renal  failure  incidence  in  patients  admitted  to  emergency  surgical  ward.
Materials  and  Methods: This  is  a  cross  sectional  analytical  study  in  which  all patients  with  primary  diagnosis  of  emergency  surgery  (traumatic  or  non traumatic) admitted  in  emergency  surgery  ward  were  selected. After  history  taking  and  physical  assessment  patients  having  history  of  kidney  disease  were  excluded. Urinalysis, BUN  and  creatinine  tests  were  performed  for  all  samples. Data  was  analyzed  by  SPSS  software.
Results: In  this  study  2100  patients  (1280  male)  were  assessed  during  a  10  month  period. 5.66%  of  samples  had  some  degree  of  ARF. 1136  patients  undergone surgery  due  to  accidents  and  trauma  (72%  multiple  trauma  and  28%  single  trauma) and  964  patients  due  to  nontraumatic  emergencies.  ARF  was  seen  in 6.84%  of  the  first  and  4.25%  of  the  second  group. ARF incidence  in  male  and  female  was  5.6%  and  5.7%  respectively.
 ‍Conclusion: The overall  incidence  of  ARF  in  this  study  was  not  so  different  from  developed  countries.   ARF  was  significantly  more  incident  in  traumatic (especially  multiple  trauma)  and  old  aged  patients.  This  factors  must  be  considered  as  ARF  risk  factors  in  emergency  wards.

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Introduction: Because tetraploid embryo is used as a base for growth and development of transgenic cells, one of the most important stages in animal biotechnology is to produce tetraploidy by electrofused 2-cell embryo. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of fusion duration on developmental rate of tetraploid embryos.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study some of the bovine 2-cell embryos were obtained from in vitro matured and fertilized cumulus oocyte complexes 33-35 hr post fertilization as an unexposed control group (UCG). The remaining 2-cell embryos were exposed to 0.75 kilovolt per centimeter for 80 microsecond, and were transferred to SOF1 medium. Subsequently those embryos fused at 30 and 60 minute post electrofusion were categorized as fused groups (FG30 and FG60) and separated from unfused embryos as exposed control group (ECG). The developmental rate was compared between UCG, ECG, FG30, and FG60 groups and the relation between fusion duration and cleavage and developmental rate was surveyed. Results: The cleavage rate up to 8-cell stage in FG60 was increased significantly compared to FG30 (p<0.05) while the blastocyst rate has no significant difference between the two groups. The cleavage and developmental rate in UCG was significantly higher than ECG, FG60 and FG30. Chromosomal analysis showed that 76% of embryos were true tetraploid.
Conclusion: The fused embryos in FG60 had more ability to produce embryos up to 8-cell stage than FG30. The electrical pulse can decrease the cleavage and developmental ability of embryo

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Introduction: Dysmenorrhea is one of the most prevalent complaints of women which is due to Prostaglandin release and is treated by chemical drugs. Today regarding side effects of these drugs, scientists are increasingly moving toward using herbal drugs. This study is planned to comparison the effects of Thymus Vulgaris and Mefenamic acid on primary dysmenorrhea.
Materials and Methods: This is a clinical trial study. Target population was women suffering from primary dysmenorrhea and study population was women reffering to marriage consulting center. Based on α=0/5, β=0/20, sample size was calculated 214 which were divided into two groups randomly. Samples were asked to determine their pain severity before using the drug, by a visual scale (0-10cm). In the study group each sample cosumed 15 grams Thyme leaf brewed in a glass of water and in control group samples used 250mg Mefenamic acid capsules. Then pain severity was determined again 1, 2 and 3 hours after using drugs. Data was analysed by mean and standard deviation indexes and K-S, man-whitney and chi-square tests. Helsinki declaration was regarded at all stages of the research.
Results: Pain severity mean, before using the two drugs had no significant difference between groups. In each group, pain severity was significantly decreased before and after using the drug (p=0.05). But the rate of decreasing pain between the two groups showed no significant difference.
Conclusion: Regarding results, it seems both Mefenamic acid and Thymus Vulgaris decrease pain at the same level which seems to be due to Thyme,s antiprostaglandin and antispasmodic effects.

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Introduction: Recent studies have demonstrated that hypothermia after hemorrhagic shock (HS) can decrease need of fluid therapy and increase arterial pressure that results in increase the survival rate. But it has not been determined how hypothermia causes these beneficial effects. This study reviews hypothermia effects in this area.
Materials and Methods: This is an experiential study in which 24 rats were divided into four groups. Rats were anesthetized by pentobarbital. In groups 1and3, bilateral renal sympathectomy was done and in the groups 2 and 4 renal nerves remained intact and only lateral incisions were done to preserve similar conditions. Then rats underwent HS phase (phase I) for 90 minutes, by withdrawing 4-6 ml of blood during 10 mines. After shock induction, only in groups 1 and 2, body temperature was lowered to 32oC. At the end of phase I, rats underwent resuscitation phase (phase II) by reinfusion of blood & additional Ringer Lactate to retain normal arterial pressure. Stage II lasted 60 minutes.
Results: In hypothermic groups (1 and 2) in comparison to normothermic groups (3 and 4) there was less blood or fluids needed for resuscitation (p<0.05). Arterial pressure before shock was the same in all groups but at the end of phaseII was higher in hypothermic ones (p<0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that mild hypothermia has beneficial effects on survival of animals with HS. Although it is obvious that intact kidneys have vital role in maintaining body fluid balance during HS, but it seems hypothermic rats requires lesser fluid therapy even without nerve of kidney. More studies could be probably required to confirm this.

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Introduction: Postoperative nausea and vomiting is one of the most common problems in postoperative period. Patients' who are at high risk of PONV, may receive anti-nausea and vomiting drugs. The most common drug is Metoclopramide, but it,s extrapiramidal signs and side effects such as lethargy, dizziness and headache especially in children lead us to perform this study, in order to compare Dexamethasone and Metoclopramide effects in PONV prevention. Materials and Methods: This study was a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. 262 patients (2-25 years) in ASA class I,II which were candidates for ENT, eye and laparatomy surgeries, divided into two groups randomly. One group received 0.1 mg/kg Dexamethasone IV and the other group received 0.1mg/kg Metoclopramide IV, 10-15 minuets before operation ending time. During recovery, the frequency of PONV was assessed. Data was analyzed by Pearson test. Results: PONV frequency in the two groups had no significant difference. Also PONV rate in the two groups had no significant difference in male and female. Conclusion: In prevention and treatment of PONV, Dexamethasone effect was same as Metoclopramide. Considering low expense, avalibility and low side effects, Dexamethasone is a proper substitute for Metoclopramide in surgeries with high risk of PONV.

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Introduction: Studies have shown that there is a relationship between metabolic syndrome and coronary heart disease. Hypertension is a common risk factor of both cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome phenotypes in patients with hypertension in Isfahan and Markazi provinces in center areas of Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was implemented in Isfahan and Markazi provinces in year 2001. Sampling method was random-clustering. 12514 people from both sexes who were above 19 years old were considered which based on ATP III, 1936 person of them had metabolic syndrome. Based on the definition, these people were those who at least had three of the following factors abnormally: HTN, FBS, TG, HDL and WC. Also hypertension was considered for all groups. Data was analyzed using Chi square test and Odds ratio. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 0.6% to 7.5% in central areas of Iran. The most prevalent of metabolic syndrome was in hypertensive women with high TG and WC and the least prevalent was in hypertensive men with these two phenotypes: 1-high FBS and WC, and 2-high FBS and low HDL (p<0.05). Overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome in hypertensive people in the most of urban population was more than rural population. Conclusion: Results showed that hypertension is associated with different metabolic syndromes, especially in women with central obesity and dyslipidemia which necessitates more attention in preventing and treatment of the disease in this high risk group.

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Introduction: Clubfoot is one of the most common foot deformities in children. The initial treatment of clubfoot is nonsurgical. The succes rate of this treatment is 5-80%. If clubfoot does not respond to this treatment, surgery is indicated. Surgical treatment of clubfoot has several complications. The preferred method of surgical release in textbooks is a modified Mc Kay procedure with Cincinnati incision but it may have various complications such necrosis, excessive scar, infection, dehiscence and recurrence. The purpose of this article is to investigate surgical treatment of clubfoot with two incision procedure instead of Cincinnati incision. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study 50 children (81 feet) with clubfoot disease who did not respond to nonsurgical treatment, since 1999 until 2002, in Al-Zahra hospital were selected and underwent soft tissue release procedure by posteromedial and lateral incisions. After operation they were followed for at least two years. Every six months patients were assessed for early postoperative complications, clinical and radiologic recurrence. Data was presented using descriptive statistics. Results: 74% of patients were male. Their mean age was 3.40.69. There was positive family history in 14% of patients. Clinical recurrence was seen in 6 patients, (9 feet) (5 male, one female) that all had bilateral involvement. The most common type of recurrence was metatarsus adductus. There was no skin necrosis or deep wound infection after surgery but 2 cases of superficial infection was seen which were treated by drugs. Conclusion: Regarding the excellent results of this procedure and obtained correction and the least skin complications in comparison to textbooks we suggest the two incision procedure instead of Cincinnati incision in treatment of most club foots

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Introduction: Nowadays drug abuse is an important problem in the world. Existing data show that using drugs especially pseudo-amphetamine compounds have increased and it seems necessary to determine the knowledge of high risk groups especially youths in this field. The aim of this study is to survey knowledge and attitude of students in Arak University of medical sciences based on Health Belief Model. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional analythical study which was carried out on 100 students of medical, nursing- midway and pre-medical schools in 2006.This survey was done by completing a questionnaire including 53 questions base on health belief model. Data was analyzed using Chi square and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: The mean age of samples was 22/3(±3/18) years which 67 persons were female. The highest obtained score was related to perceived sensivity and had a meaningful relationship with action (p<0.05). Based on student's opinion of cues to action, TV was the most important resoure in education about Ecstasy. Conclusion:Beased on findings and regarding the meaningful relationship of percieved susceptibility (the danger of using Ecstasy) with action, it is better to provide educational program to prepare youngsters minds about perceived sensivity.

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Introduction: Diabetes is the most important metabolic disease in human. The prevalence of both types of diabetes is rapidly increasing ocross the world. Diabetes causes many complications including End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). Diabetes is responsible for 30% of ESRD. The prevalence of diabetic nephropathy in Iran is also high. Many of these patients are becoming dialysis dependent. Many studies have shown the changes of trace metals’ levels in diabetic patients including Copper, Zinc, Manganese and Chromium. This study evaluates the correlation between urinary Copper and diabetic nephropathy Materials and Methods: This is a case-control study. Samples were selected among type 2 diabetic patients attending to diabetes clinic in Vali-e-Asr hospital in Arak. Diabetic patients were divided in two groups based on microalbuminuria, 42 patients in case and 40 patients in control group. Then the patients were classified based on duration of diabetes into 4 groups and based on the HbA1c into two groups. Then urinary Copper was determined with atomic absorption spectophotometry and compared. Independent t-test was used to analyze data. Results: Patients were 28.1% male and 69.9% female in case group and 37.5% male and 62.5% female in control group. The mean Copper level was 36.14µg /L (14.54-57.74) in case group and 14.77% µg /L (10.17-19.37) in control group. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (p=0.003). Conclusion: The results show a positive relation between urinary Copper and diabetic nephropathy and confirmed the results of other studies that reported the elevation of Copper in microalbuminuria. This study also showed that age, gender, duration of diabetes and HbA1c level have no effect on urinary Copper.

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Introduction: Opioids abuse is a nationwide problem in our country. Regarding the potential of these drugs in crossing placenta they can cause many defects in fetuses of human and also animals. In the present study, the effects of maternal Morphine consumption on olfactory bulb development in rats have been investigated. Materials and Methods: Female Wistar rats (weight: 250-300g) were crossed with male rats and the zero time of pregnancy was detected. Existence of vaginal plug and also sperm in vaginal smear were indicators of mating and pregnancy. Experimental group received 0.05 mg/ml of Morphine in drinking water daily. On embryonic day 19, pregnant animals were anesthetized by Chloroform and embryos were taken out surgically. Weight of the embryos was determined by a digital balance and their length (Crown-Rump, Frontal-Occipital, Biparietal, Abdominal-Transfer and Anterior-Posterior diameters) were determined by a caliper. Then embryos were fixed in Formalin 10% and tissues were processed and sectioned and stained in Hematoxilin & Eosin and Bielschwosky staining methods. These sections were investigated for olfactory bulb development by MOTIC software and light Microscope. Data was analyzed using t-test. Results: The decrease in embryonic weight and their diameter for experiment group was significant. In microscopic study, the increase in thickness of mitral layer and the decrease in total number of Tufted, Mitral and Granular cells in experimental group were significant. Conclusion: This study showed that oral Morphine consumption leads to olfactory bulb defects.

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Introduction: Preeclampsia is one of the three major causes of death in pregnant women. Researcher believed that consuming proper nutrients can be a solution. In the last few years, the effect of type of fruits and vegetables on prevention of preeclampsia has been investigated, but there are still questions about the proper amount (unit) of fruits and vegetables. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was done on pregnant women referring to Thaleghani hospital in Arak. 35 pregnant women with preeclampsia were selected as case, and 70 healthy pregnant women as control group. The two groups were matched. Data were collected with a questionnaire consisting of two parts, first demographic information and second information about the amount of consumed fruits and vegetables. Each woman was questioned about food consumption 3 month before and during second trimester of her pregnancy. Portion of fruits and vegetables was calculated per week and then compared between the two groups. K-S, Leven, Mann-Whitney, and Chi2 tests were used for analyzing data. Results: In preeclampsia group, 3 month before pregnancy mean consumption of fruits and vegetables was 7.69±16 per week, and in healthy group was 12.43±1.87. There was a significant difference between the two groups (p=0/029). In the second trimester of pregnancy the mean was 11.03±1.6 and 13.95±0.98 in case and control group, respectively. Differences were significant (p=0.03). Incidence of preeclampsia was increased in group with less than 25% consumption of fruits and vegetables before pregnancy (less than 5unit per week) (P=0.05, OR:2.32, 95%CI:1/7, 7/24). This difference was also significant in the second trimester (P<0/03, OR:2.57, 95% CI:1/4, 54/29). Also in women who consume less than 8 units per week, the incidence of preeclampsia was increased. Conclusion: It was concluded that it seems there is relationship between consumption of fruits and vegetables with decreasing occurrence of preeclampsia. So researchers suggest that high risk groups of women be identified and educated to consume fruits and vegetables.

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Background: Angiogenesis is a complex process that occurs in many physiologic and pathologic conditions such as invasion and metastasis of tumors. Therefore, it is the target of many clinical treatments. Rapamycin is one of the immune system inhibitor drugs that recently has been used for controlling different types of cancer. In this study, the effect of Rapamycin on angiogenesis in chicks' chorioalantoic membrane was investigated. Methods and Materials: In this experimental study, we used 42 Ross fertilized eggs that were divided into 3 random groups: control, sham-exposed (treated by Dimethyle sulfoxide-DMSO- ) and treated with Rapamycin. In 2th day, a window was opened on eggs in the sterile condition. Later, in 8th day, a gelatin sponge appeared on chorioalantoic membrane and was soaked with 5 μl Rapamycin in treatment group and 5 μl DMSO in the sham-exposed group. In 12th day, CAMs were examined and photographed by Research Photostereomicroscope in all cases. The numbers and lengths of vessels around the sponges were measured and compared with each other by T-Test (p<0.05). Results: The mean of number (42 ±7.26 ) and length (57.25±5.05 cm ) for vessels in the control group and mean of number (42.93±8.37 ) and length (55.66±10.44 cm) in sham-exposed group was'nt any significant differences. There was a significant decrease in mean number (29.36±5.28) and length (44.55±10.22) of vessels in Rapamycin with control group. Conclusion: It seems Rapamycin has an inhibitory effect on angiogenesis in chicks' chorioalantoic membrane. It decreases the number and length of vessels around treated area