The parasitic diseases are still important problems in developing countries, the majority of intestinal infections are caused by contaminated foods. Infection to intestinal parasites is usually caused by eating raw vegetables which is habitual for Iranians. The aim of this study is to determine the parasitic contamination of consuming vegetables in Arak. 135  samples of vegetables are selected by random sampling. The parasitic contaminations were detected in 68.3% of the imported vegetables and 56.6% of locally produced. As a whole 66% of the vegetables were contaminated. The highest contaminated vegetables was imported from Esfahan.

Brucellosis is a common disease in Markazi province, however meningitis of Brucella is rare. The patient was a -25- year old woman who was referred to Vali-Asr Hospital for the loss of consciousness. She had heache, vomiting and fever since two months ago. The lab tests showed positive wright in serum and CSF. The patient was recovered by the treatment of Brucellosis. The reason of rarity of Brucella meningitis, is probably that the disease which is endemic in Markazi province and an early diagnosis and treatment will prevent it from complications, especially menegitis. This case is reported because of its rarity.

The present research is a cross-sectional study on the nurses knowledge about nosocomial infections in Vali Asr and Amir Kabir hospitals of Arak in the first nine months of 1378. The purpose of this research was, to determine nurse knowledge about nosocomial infection and its relationship with nurse knowledge and individual specification. The nurses knowledge in Vali Asr and Amir Kabir hospitals were 32.6% and 44.2% as moderate and 67.4% and 55.8% as high level respectively. No low level of knowledge was observed. There is not correlation between knowledge of nurses and individual charactristics.

Arterial baroreflexes are the most important mechanism of cardiovascular system that can respond to rapid blood pressure changes during everyday activities. In this study we have assessed adaptive responses of carotid baroreflexes during isometric & dynamic exercise and compared the results with acute response during rest. The applied work loud in dynamic exercise was 100 watts and in isometric exercise it was 50% of calculated maximum force. Experiments were performed on 12 young male healthy sedentary volunteers aged between 21-28. This study was done in three exercises. In all three protocles, adaptation process during stimulation was assessed by studying of beat to beat R-R interval of ECG. In order to stimulate the carotid baroreceptors neck suction device Eckberg model was used and duration of stimulation was 10 seconds. ECG was taken carefully. Examination of adaptive process during stimulation showed maximal response achieved in resting state is statistically significant compared with that of isometric and dynamic exercise respectively (P<0.038, P<0.007). where as, comparison of adaptive response of rest state with isometric exercise and dynamic exercise was not statistically significant. There is no significant relation between maximal and adaptative response in dynamic and isometric exercises, although in general adaptative process in resting state compared with isometric and dynamic exercise was more pronounced. This observation confirmed that Vagal withdrawal with alimited degree of sympathic stimulation are challenged in this phenomenon. In other words the Sa response to vagal stimulation is related by sympathic stimulation.

Introduction: Meningitis is the inflamination of leptomeninges caused by the infectious and non infectious agents. The most common kinds of infectious meningitis include bacterial. Viral, fungal and mycobacterial meningitis. The three types of infectious meningitis are acute bacterial meningitis, aseptic meningitis and subacute to chronic meningitis which can be differentiated on the basis of CSF findings. Three fourth of the acute bacterial meningitis involve the persons below 15 years old. The etiologist cause of acute bacterial meningitis differs in various age groups.  The most reliable criteria in diagnosis are laboratory and clinical findings. The permanent neurologic damages are the main complications that remain forever. Prognosis and mortality rate of meningitis depends on various factors , among which the main factors is the early diagnosis.
Methods and Cases: This is a cross-sectional study performed on 240 patients with meningitis in FIROOZABADi HOSPITAL from 1996 to 1998. Demographic information, about clinical and laboratorial findings have been collected.
Results: The male to female preponderance was 1:3. 81.3% patients had a previous history of headache, 94.4% had fever and 27.1% have defferent states of reduced alertness. 56.2% persons were diagnosed as having viral meningitis, 37% as bacterial meningitis and 6.8% as T.B. meningitis. The cases diagnosed with bacterial meningitis were influenced by the following bacteria in order: Pneumococus (44.9%), Meningococcus(26.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (12.2%), gram negative bacilli (10.3%) and Haemophilus influenza (6.1%). In 2.4% of cases CSF smear and culture were negative. The mortality rate among the patients was 8% and 8% of them developed consequences. The means of ESR duration had significant difference among various groups with different etiologies.
Discussion: In attention rate of similar studies in England and French were 24.2% and 56%. In attention to high prevalence of meningitis in our country, further greater complementary studies see to be necessary.

DNA analysis by flow cytometry is one of novel techniques recently introduce of utilize in routine clinical diagnosis laboratories , generally, there is an wverall agreement between DNA status and chromosomal content of cells, so with DNA analysis especially in neoplastic diseases, one coukd find the ploidy feature and number of cells which are in synthetic phase (S-phase fraction) and also cellular kinetics in select neoplasia, which are charactristics findings and factors that could be used as prognostic markers for predicting clinical behaviour and monitoring response to treatment protocol. In this study, we measured DNA content in eighty eight (88_ malignant lymphopreliferation diseases including 58 NHL and 30 HD diagnosed histopathologycally, by flow cytometry using Hedley method, Also immunohistochemical staining for proper immunophenotyping done in selected cases with ABC method with MoAb,s. Aneuploidy were 38% in NHL and 47% in HD patients. This occurance was unrelated to other parameters used as Age, tumor location and histologic subtypes. (P>0.05) S-phase fraction (SPF) measurement calculated as percentage of cellw in active phase and proligeration index determinations reveral higher frequency of SPF (PI) within Iranian patients rather than reported Western patients. This finding can account for lower survival rate and poor response to chemotherapy and (or radiotherapeutic regimen used in Iranian patients, but also other parameters in this regard also should be considered simultaneously.

Burn wound is one of the most common causes which damaged skin, followed by different bacteria infections. The aim of this study is to identify causetive agents of burn wound infections and also to determine sensitivity of isolated to current  antibiotics. In a cross-sectional descriptive study a total of 465 burned patients who hospitalized in Imam Khomeini hospital of Hamadan were investigated during 1996-1998. The samples were also collected from different parts of burns section and identified by standard methods. The drugs sensitivity of isolates were detected by agar disk diffusion of Kirby Bauer method. In this study causes and rate of burning were studied in burn patients 538 bacterial strains were isolated and frequency of Pseudomonas was 32.7%. This was followed by Klebsiella 24.8% and Staphilococus aureus 21.2%. The most effective antibiotic were ciprpfloxacin, ceftazidime and amikacin. The most cause of burning was because of boiled water 32.8% and lowest cause was vecause of cooler, 73.6% burns was unintentional and 26.4% intentional. The results of present study indicated that the burn wound infection still is a major problem in hospitals. Bacterial drugs resistance is also other problem for burned patients, S0, prevention and control of hospital acquired infections is necessary for burn section of hospitals.

Familian meditranian fever (FMF) is an inherited disorder and characterized by recurrent self limiting attacks of fever and polyserositis. Because of rarity of this disease and the difficulty of diagnosis, the physicians presence of mind is a necessary thing. The patient is a 16 years old boy who had recurrent attacks of abdominal pain, headache, fever, rash and arthritis. The interval of his attacks was variable between 1-2 years and 2 times in a week. He had an appendectomy about 8 years ago. Because of arthritis, with probable diagnosis of R.F, he received penicillin monthly. During the attacks, lab tests showed, leukocytosis elevated sedimentation rate and positive CPR.
The CT of abdomen and transient of small bowell were normal.
The use of colchicine 0.5mg two times in a day caused arrest of attacks.
This case is reported because of its rarity and for physicians presence of mind.

Refractive error is a disturbance that a picture from one object is not on retina, in this reason picture is not clear. A clear picture is very important for development of visual nervous system to 10 years- old in children. This study was performed in 7 boys school in Arak. Today 753 boys student in the range of 6-11 years-old by the screening test was examined for visual acuity. Prevalence for refractive error was 9.5%. The most prevalence refractive error was pure myopia (56.9%). Family History in 65.3% was positive.

Diabetes is one of the important endocrine disease. In recent 10 years it has increased to 70 million people in the world. The diabetes patients are aware of that complications may occure in future. Depression is the most common one. This study is a descriptive-analytic which was done in 1999 in Kashan diabetes center. The aim of this research was to determine the incidence and severity of depression in the diabetic patients who were used to take antidiabetic tablets and insulin. For this purpose, the researchers selected 80 diabetic patients to have characteristics to enter the study.  (38 patients were treated by tablets and 42 patients by insulin). Method of sampling was conclude one data were gathered with Beck test and two part questionnaire including demographic and severity of depression in patients taking insulin. Severity of depression was higher than tablet users. On the other hand there was a significant relation between severity of depression and kind of treatment (insulin injection) (P<0.04). Regarding to the findings, however depression in these patients is high and the patients who are taking insulin are at risk of this mental complication and the health team members should take care of them.

The  most commonest entrapment mononeuropathy is carpal  tunnel  syndrome.  This  syndrome  is  associated with hypothyroidism, acromegaly, amyloidosis, pregnancy, obesity, diabetes, … and idiopathic.  The  aim  of  this  study  was  evaluation  and  prevalence  of  sign  and  symptom  in  this sundrome. All  patients  with  upper  extremity  pain  were  referred  to  EMG  lab  studied.  Inclusion  criteria  was  conduction  study  and  exclusion  criteria  was  other  Entrapments  and  radiculopathies .  1024  hands  from  745  patient  were  selected. In this study T females were  affected  more  than males.  Most age (8/1)  was  36  to  50  years(48.4%). Right  hand  44.3%  and  left  hand  21.3%  and  bilateral  35.4%. Neoturnal  pain  was  dominate  sign  (74%), phalen test  62%, paresthesia in  hand  57%, tinel  sign 47.9%. Different  sensory  between  index  &  little  finger  was  43.1%. There  is significant  correlation  between  distal)motor  7  sensory)  and phalen  test.  Also there  is  significant  relation  phalen  test  7  tunnel  sign.