Journal of Arak University of Medical Sciences

Determination of Relationship Between Fathers Cigarette Smoking and Sex Ration in Children

Nasrin Roozbahani

Introduction: Sex ratio is referred to male, female ration which is usually 1.06. This ratio is decreased during the last few years. One of its reasons seems to be poisons and environmental pollutions such as cigarette smoke. In this investigation we studied the relationship between fathers cigarette smoking and sex ratio in children.
Materials and Methods: This is a historical cohort study. Study population were neonates born in Arak hospitals during summer and autumn 1383. Sample size was determined 710 neonates, based on α=5%, β=10%. Sampling method was census in which all newborns with inclusion criteria were selected and questionnaires were filled. Samples were divided into three groups. 1-newborns with nonsmoker fathers 2- newborns with smoker fathers (less than 20 cigarette a day) 3- newborns with smoker fathers (20 or more cigarettes a day) (fathers cigarette smoking at least 3 months before conception in second and third group). Newborns sex ratio was determined in each group and caparisoned. Data analysis was done by frequency, ratio, mean and standard deviation indexes and k-s, leven, t, mann-whitney, chi square tests and relative risk, using SPSS software. At all stages study Helsinki declaration was regarded.
Results: Overall sex ratio was 1.04. This ratio was 1.272 for neonates with nonsmoker fathers and 0.77 for neonates with smoker fathers. Also sex ratio in newborns with smoker fathers using less than 20 cigarettes a day was 0.846 and for those with fathers using 20 or more was 0.60. Based on chi square there was a meaningful relationship between the three groups (p<0.00001). Relative risk in low cigarette group was 1.23 and in high cigarette group 1.42.
Conclusion: Based on findings it seems that fathers cigarette smoking near conception results in decreasing sex ratio and the increased use of cigarettes the decreased born of male neonates.

The Effect of Beta Vulgaris on Nociception in Male Diabetes Rats

Mehrdad Roghani

Introduction: Experimental animals like diabetes rats display an augmented nociceptive response to chemical, mechanical and thermal stimuli in long term. Furthermore, hyperalgesia is one of the major symptoms of diabetic neuropathy in some patients. Considering the antidiabetic potential of chard, this study was carried out to evaluate the possible analgesic effect of chard-mixed food intake in male streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Materials and Methods: In this study rats were randomly divided into control, chard-treated control, salicylate-treated control, diabetic, and chard-treated diabetic groups. At the end of experiment, nociceptive response was evaluated in both acute and chronic phases of the standard formalin test based on a four level scale.
Results: Results showed that there was a significant increase in the number of pain scores in both acute and chronic phases in diabetic rats, and administration of chard for one month did not significantly reduce the pain scores in both phases of the test. Meanwhile, sodium salicylate as positive control, only reduced this score in the second phase.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that oral administration of chard for one month despite of its antidiabetic potential could not significantly reduce the nociceptive responses in diabetic rats.

The Stereologic Study of Onion Water-Alcohol Extract on Diabetic Rats Kidneys

Mohammad Ali Shariatzadeh

Introduction: Diabetes during its progress can result in nephropathy. Some of its symptoms are increasing kidney size and weight and its components. Regarding useful components of onion and its antioxidant, decreasing stress oxidative and b decreasing blood glucose effects. This investigation is designed to study the effect of onion water-alcohol extract in preventing nephropathy and its effect on kidney structure based on stereology method.
Materials and Methods: Four groups of matured vistar rats (n=8) were selected randomly (control group, control + extract group, diabetic only group, diabetic + extract group). Diabetes was induced by injecting interperitoneal sreptozotocin (60mg/kg). The control+ extract group and diabetic + extract group were treated by onion-water extract (50 mg/rat)every day for four weeks. Then all groups were anesthetized and their left kidney was removed and fixed in Bouin fixative. After histologic passage and H & E dying, using stereologic techniques, qualitative measurement was performed by Cavalier method for cortex, medulla, glomerulus and kidney size. Data analysis was done by SPSS software using one way anova, tukey and paired test. p<0.05 was considered significant.
Results: The primary and secondary weight of rats in only diabetic group and diabetic + extract group was not different, but in control group and control + extract group was significantly different (p<0.05). Medulla, cortex and whole kidney size in only diabetic group in comparison with diabetic+ extract group had no difference, but total glomerular size in diabetic only group and diabetic + extract group was significantly different (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Experimental induction of diabetes by STZ in a short period showed that onion extract can prevent glomerular hypertrophy and increasing kidney weight in diabetic rats, but had no effect on overall kidney size. So the study of onion extract effects on kidney structure during a long period is recommended.

Study of Tramadol and Pethidin Effects on Postoperative Shivering

Hoshang Talebi

Introduction: Postoperative shivering is a common and unpleasant problem with relatively 40% incidence that has a lot of cardiovascular and pulmonary effects. Its main cause is hypothermia during operation. But there are also other causes. There are some recommendations to resolve this problem. In this survey we compared tramadol and pethidin effects in treatment of postoperative shivering.
Materials and Methods: This is a clinical trial study, performed on 324 patient with ASA I and II classes. When shivering occurred, 1mg/kg tramadol was administrated to 162 patients and the others received 0.5 mg/kg pethidin. After injection, the shiver-end time was recorded. Patients vital sign such as blood pressure, pulse rate and respiratory rate were measured and recorded before and after injection (vital sign was checked and recorded every 10 minutes for 1 hours after injection). Data was analyzed with two independent t-test by SPSS software.
Results: 61.7% of samples were male. The average of shiver-end time in group receiving tramadol and group receiving pethidin was 134.96±18 and 161.3±22 seconds respectively, that was significantly lower in tramadol group (p=0.007). The minimum of shiver-end time was 55 seconds in patients receiving tramadol and the maximum time was 320. The minimum of this time in patients receiving pethidin was 70 seconds and the maximum time wad 395.
Discussion: Results of this study showed that using tramadol in treating postoperative shivering is more useful than pethidin. Also it has better therapeutic effects and lesser side effects.

The Study of Acute Renal Failure Incidence in Patients Admitted to Emergency Surgical Ward of Vali-E-Asr Hospital, Arak

Ali Fani

Introduction: Acute renal failure (ARF) is one of the relatively incident complications in surgical emergency wards and is defined as increasing serum urea and creatinine and decreasing GRF. In this study we investigated acute renal failure incidence in patients admitted to emergency surgical ward.
Materials and Methods: This is a cross sectional analytical study in which all patients with primary diagnosis of emergency surgery (traumatic or non traumatic) admitted in emergency surgery ward were selected. After history taking and physical assessment patients having history of kidney disease were excluded. Urinalysis, BUN and creatinine tests were performed for all samples. Data was analyzed by SPSS software.
Results: In this study 2100 patients (1280 male) were assessed during a 10 month period. 5.66% of samples had some degree of ARF. 1136 patients undergone surgery due to accidents and trauma (72% multiple trauma and 28% single trauma) and 964 patients due to nontraumatic emergencies. ARF was seen in 6.84% of the first and 4.25% of the second group. ARF incidence in male and female was 5.6% and 5.7% respectively.
‍Conclusion: The overall incidence of ARF in this study was not so different from developed countries. ARF was significantly more incident in traumatic (especially multiple trauma) and old aged patients. This factors must be considered as ARF risk factors in emergency wards.

Comparison of Glycosylated Hemoglobin and Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Diagnosis of Diabetes in Person With Impaired Fasting Glucose

Heydar Farahani

Introduction: Glycosylated hemoglobin gives an average plasma glucose level over the past two to three months period. Diabetes is one of the most important causes of mortality and morbidity in the old ages, that usually due to its slow progress, patients do not pay attention to the disease. Early diagnosis can decrease many complications. This investigation is carried out with the aim of comparison results of FBs, GTT and HbA1c especially in persons with impaired dfasting glucose.
Materials and Methods: Our study is a cross sectional analytical study. 81 persons, 40 to 65 years old, without any history of diabetes, with FBs 103 to 140 mg/dl were selected according to convenience sampling method. FBS, GTT and HbA1c tests were done for all samples. Sensitivity, specially, positive predict value and negative predict value of tests were determined.
Results: In this study comparison of HbA1c with FBS showed 100% sensitivity and 12.5% specificity with positive predict value of 82% and negative predict value of 62.7%. In comparison of HbA1c with GTT, we observed 100% sensitivity and 63% specificity with positive oredict value of 6.3% and negative predict value of 100%. In other part of this investigation in comparison of FBS with GTT, 9.7% sensitivity and 100% specificity and positive predict value of 100% and negative predict value of 18.8% was reported.
Conclusion: According to results of the present study, due to very high sensitivity and significant positive predict value of HbA1c as compared to FBS, HbA1c measurement seems to be a good test in screening and diagnosis of diabetes.
Therefore, in impaired fasting glucose, we recommend measurement of both HbA1c and FBS. Also HbA1c can be used as a good replacement test for GTT in person with impaired fasting glucose.

The Comparison of Oxygen Saturation Measurements by Hand and Foot Pulse Oximetery and Direct Method in Neonates

Naser Farhadi

Introduction: Continues monitoring of oxygen saturation by pulse oximetery is known as a routine technique in critical care of patients. But previous researches showed some differences in its measurement according to probe placement.
Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional analytical study 36 admitted neonates below one months age were selected. Sampling method was convenience and sample size was estimated according to α=5% and β=20% .Samples oxygen saturation was measured three times by hand and foot pulse oximetery and direct method. Data was analyzed using paired t test.
Results: Analysis of results showed significantly dofference between both two pulse oximetery methods with arterial blood gas. Comparison of oximetery methods with direct one showed more accuracy of foot probe (p<0/05).
Conclusion: We concluded that pulse oximetery do not reliably predict changes in saO2 and also probe placement causes some differences in oximetery results.

Designing of A Mixed Elisa Method for Detection of IgM and IgA Rheumatoid Factors

Ghasem Mosayebi

Introduction: different isotypes of antibody can be produced by immune system after antigen contact. Detection and measurement of different classes of antibody against the antigen is very important in some cases. The aim of this study is designing of an ELISA method on the basis of inhibition of enzyme activity by using a non-competitive inhibitor. Therefore in this study rheumatoid factor is used as a model for the detection of different other classes of antibodies against the antigen.
Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional analytical study, we measured IgM and IgA rheumatoid factors in sera of 10 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and positive latex test , by mixed and routine ELISA. In mixed ELISA the activity of the first conjugated enzyme was blocked by a non-competitive inhibitor after adding the substrate. Then the next conjugated antibody, which was specific for another isotype, was added. By optical density, results was comparisoned with routine ELISA.
Results: The obtained results showed that the average optical density is lower when compared with routine ELISA , but the difference is not statistically significant. however these two methods did not show any significant difference in quantifying antibody isotypes. Also there is a positive association between mixed and routine ELISA (r=0.9, p=0.001).
Discussion: Lower optical density in mixed ELISA is probably because of stick hindrance by the first conjugate. So, because there is no significant difference between the results of these two types of ELISA, and also no need to repeat the test for each isotype in this method, it is recommended to use the new method instead of the routine one to save time and reagents.